简介：这两个词都含“取代，代替”的意思，但用法完全不同。substitute的用法是substituteAforB，意为“用A代替B”，强调“代替，顶替”；replace的用法是replaceAwithB，意为“用B代替A”。强调“替换，更换”，即把旧的或坏的东西更换成新的。

简介：标题建筑群[K3(TNPG)瑳畲瑣牵?桴牥潭祬楳?敳獮瑩癩\

简介：Skiniscomposedofbothadermallayer-consistingprimarilyoffibroblasts,andmatrixmacromolecules(ECM)-andanepidermallayer-composingofepidermalcellscontainingkeratinfilamentsundergoingprogressivedifferentiationfromabasalproliferatinglayertoasurfaceconsistingofterminallydifferentiated,epidermalcellsthatprotecttheskinfromtheenvironment.

简介：为3D城市建模的OGC标准广泛地在越来越多的应用被使用。它定义详细(到有增加精确性和结构的复杂性的LoD4的LoD0)的五个连续层次，在哪个LoD3包括所有外面的外观和几何细节并且随后要求许多存储空间。新LoD与象窗户，门以及更小的fa一样的LoD3模型和开的目标的外面的壳作为壳模型被介绍?果汁饮料目标被投射到墙上。在这份报纸，用户调查被介绍。这的结果调查壳模型能几乎给用户的表演象LoD3模型的一样的视觉印象。Furthermroe，算法被开发从LoD3提取壳模型模型。实验证明这个壳模型能减少原来的LoD3模型的多达90%存储。因此，一方面，它能为一个LoD3模型被用作一个代用品为小显示上的可视化。在另一方面，它能在CityGML被当作详细(SLoD3)的分段，自从它几乎保留信息的一样的数量，但是要求少得多存储空间。

简介：AbstractImportance:Several methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake. However, their accuracies have been controversial in children.Objective:To validate the performance of three commonly used methods—the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) methods. Additionally, this study explored the accuracies of the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods by using spot urine samples taken at four separate times.Method:Forty-one adolescents aged 14 to 16 years completed two non-consecutive 24-hour urine collections and their mean values were used as reference data. The second-morning urine was used for assessment with the Kawasaki method; a casual spot urine and spot urine samples taken at four separate times (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) were used for assessment with the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods.Results:The mean differences were 1801 mg, 542 mg, 47 mg, and -31 mg for the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT1 (with potassium), and INTERSALT2 (without potassium) methods with their required spot urine, respectively. The proportions of relative difference levels within ± 10% were 4.9% for the Kawasaki method, 19.5% for the Tanaka method, 36.6% for the INTERSALT1 method, and 36.6% for the INTERSALT2 method.Interpretation:The INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine. However, there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake. The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level.

简介：AnHPLCmethodforquantitativedeterminationofadrenalinehydrochlorideinjectionandnoradrenalinebitartrateinjectionwasestablishedandvalidatedwithasubstituteforthereferencesubstance.Phenylephrinehydrochloridewasselectedasthesubstituteforthereferencesubstanceofadrenalineandnoradrenalinebitartrate.Thecorrectionfactorofphenylephrinehydrochloridewithrespecttothereferencesubstanceofadrenalineandnoradrenalinebitartratewasdeterminedunderdefinedconditions.Adrenalinehydrochlorideinjectionandnoradrenalinebitartrateinjectionwerequantifiedbyassayingphenylephrinehydrochlorideandacorrectfactor.TheresultsindicatethattheHPLCmethodwiththesubstituteforreferencesubstancewasreliableandfeasibleforquantitativedeterminationofdrugs.

简介：TherearesomeIndicationsthttherpesaimplexvirus(HSV)maybemutagenic.SpecificchromosomalchangeshavealsobeendemonstratedInculturedcellsinfectedwithHSV.TofurtherInvestigatethemutagenicactivityofHSVtype2(HSV-2)weusedmouseskinasamodelsystemforcardnogenetls.Inoculationofthebackskinof4-week-oldSencarmkewithlivevirustwiceperweekforoneweekorwithInactivatedvirustwiceperweekfortwoweekswasusedtoInitiatethemouseakin.AfterInitiationwithHSV-2,12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetale(TPA)wasappliedtwiceweeklyfor50weeksasapromoter.Duringaperiodof52weeks,noskincarcinomawasfoundIntheexperimentalgroups,whereas55%ofcontrolmicetreatedwith9,10-dlmethy1-1,2-benzanthracene(DMBA)andthenwithTPA-developedskincarcinoma.TheresultsdemonstratethatHSV-2couldnotsubstituteforDMBAinthisanimalmodeloftwo-stageskincarcinogenesis.

简介：AIM:Toconstructfunctionalhumanfull-thicknesscornealreplacements.METHODS:Acellularporcinecornealmatrix(APCM)wasdevelopedfromporcinecorneabydecellulariztion.Thebiomechanicalpropertiesofanterior-APCM(AAPCM)andposterior-APCM(PAPCM)werecheckedusinguniaxialtensiletesting.Humancornealcellswereobtainedbycellculture.Suspendingringwasdesignedbydeformationofanacupunctureneedle.MTTcytotoxicityassaywasusedtocheckthecytotoxicityofsuspendingringsoakingsolutions.Anewthree-dimensionalorganculturesystemwasestablishedbycombinationofsuspendingring,48-wellplateandmediumtogether.Ahumanfull-thicknesscornealsubstitutewasconstructedfromhumancornealcellswithAAPCMinanorgancoculturesystem.Biochemicalmarkerexpressionoftheconstructwasmeasuredbyimmunofluorescentstainingandmorphologicalstructureswereobservedusingscanningelectronmicroscopy.Pumpfunctionandbiophysicalpropertieswereexaminedbypenetratingkeratoplastyandfollow-upclinicalobservations.RESULTS:TherewerenocellsintheAAPCMorPAPCM,whereascollagenfibers,Bowman’smembrane,andDescemet’smembranewereretained.ThebiomechanicalpropertyofAAPCMwasbetterthanPAPCM.HumancornealcellsgrewbetterontheAAPCMthanonthePAPCM.Therewasnocytotoxicityforthesuspendingringsoakingsolutions.Fortheconstructedfull-depthhumancornealreplacementskeratocytesscattereduniformlythroughouttheAAPCMandexpressedvimentin.TheepitheliallayerwaslocatedonthesurfaceofBowman’smembraneandcomposedofthreeorfourlayersofepithelialcellsexpressingcytokeratin3.OnelayerofendothelialcellscoveredthestromalsurfaceofAAPCM,expressedNa+/K+ATPaseandformedtheendotheliallayer.Theconstructwassimilartonormalhumancorneas,withmanymicrovilliontheepithelialcellsurface,stromalcellswithalongshuttleshape,andzonulaoccludensontheinterfaceofendothelialcells.Theconstructwithstoodsurgicalprocedu