简介:ThesuccessivefoundingofELTmailinglistssincethemid-90shaveprovidedlanguageteachersworldwidewithacheap,ef-ficientandinformativeteachingtool.Thispaperoffersanintro-ductiontothemajorELTlistsandadiscussionofthesignifi-canceofthemailingliststoourteachingwork,academicre-searchandself-development.Adviceisalsogivenonhowtotakebetteradvantageofthispowerfuleducationalinstrument.
简介:Givennon-negativeintegersm,n,handkwithm≥h>1andn≥k>1,an(h,k)-bipartitehypertournamentonm+nverticesisatriple(U,V,A),whereUandVaretwosetsofverticeswith|U|=mand|V|=n,andAisasetof(h+k)-tuplesofvertices,calledarcs,withatmosthverticesfromUandatmostkverticesfromV,suchthatforanyh+ksubsetsU_1∪V_1ofU∪V,Acontainsexactlyoneofthe(h+k)!(h+k)-tupleswhoseentriesbelongtoU_1∪V_1.Necessaryandsufficientconditionsforapairofnon-decreasingsequencesofnon-negativeintegerstobethelosingscorelistsorscorelistsofsome(h,k)-bipartitehypertournamentareobtained.
简介:ObjectivesTodevelopasetofmonosyllableaudiometrytestmaterialthatcanbeusedinspeechrecognitiontestinginMandarinChinese.MaterialsandMethodsInanefforttoimprovereliabilityandefficiencyinclinicalpractice,asetof30testlistsof25monosyllabletestitemseachwasdesignedwithconsiderationofthefollowing:lengthofthelist,phonemicalbalance(PB),wordutilityfrequency,coverageofcommonwords,andequivalencyamonglists.The30listscontained750monosyllabicwordsandwereconstructedonthebasisofChinesephonemedistributionprobabilitysummarizedintheManualofAcoustic.Theoccurrenceincidenceofthe22consonants,36vowels,and4tonesoftheChineseMandarincharactersinthe30testlistswerecalculated.ToachievePB,489monosyllableswereselectedfromthe2500mostcommonlyusedChinesecharactersandthe4000mostcommonlyusedChinesephrasestocompilethe30monosyllabletestlistsusingacomputeralgorithmwithmanualadjustment.ResultsThirtyphonemicalbalancedwordlistsofcommonMandarinChinesemonosyllabicwordswerecompiled.Eachlistconsistedof25monosyllables.Atotalof489phonemes(consonants,vowelsandtones)wereincludedintheset.ConclusionsThissetoflistscanpotentiallybeusedasthebasiclistsforfuturedevelopmentofMandarinPBmonosyllablespeechtestmaterials.