摘要
Smartgrowthpoliciesadvocateforeconomicallyviable,environmentallyconscientious,andsociallyequitablesolutionsforurbandevelopment.Thesepoliciesweredevelopedlargelyinresponsetoissuesrootedintheautomobile-orientedculture:airpollution,highgreenhousegasemissions,trafficcongestion,andsedentarylifestyles.Inurbansettings,agoodtransportationalternativeiscycling,sinceitisabletoservethetravelneedsofnearlyhalfofcitydwellers’dailytrips.ManyEuropeanandCanadiancitieshavesuccessfullyincreasedcyclingratesbycreatingsaferbicycleenvironmentsandrestrictingordiscouragingautomobileuse.ToevaluatethepotentialeffectsoftheabovemeasuresonAmericanurbanareas,thispaperexaminescasestudiesofcycletracksandbicycleboulevardsimplementedinAmericancities,andhowthesefacilityimprovementshavechangedhowsafecyclistsfeelontheroadandoverallbicycleusage.Resultsshowthetwomethodsareindeedeffectiveinincreasingbicycleusagerates.Ultimately,increasingcyclingratesneedspoliciestodiscouragepeoplefromdriving,thegreatestmodeshareinnearlyallurbanareas.Parkingpolicyhasmajorimpactsonpeople’sdecisiontousetheautomobile.Currently,parkingisoversuppliedandunderpricedinmanycities,makingitirresistibleforpeopletodrive.Decreasingthenumberofparkingspacesavailableandincreasingtheirpricewillincreasepressureondriverstodriveless,especiallyforshorttrips,andtobikeinstead.Itisimportantforplannersandpolicymakerstorealizethatsolutionsfrombothdirections,makingbikingmoreenjoyableandmakingparking,andhencedriving,lessaffordable,shouldbeusedintandem.Thecomplementarynatureofthetwoapproachesmakesitsotheeffectofthecombinationisgreaterthanthesumofthetwo.
出版日期
2016年02月12日（中国期刊网平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）
