简介：Modelinggeomechanicalpropertiesofshalestomakesenseoftheircomplexpropertiesisattheforefrontofpetroleumexplorationandexploitationapplicationandhasreceivedmuchresearchattentioninrecentyears.Ashale'skeygeomechanicalpropertieshelptoidentifyits'fracibility'itsfluidflowpatternsandrates,anditsin-placepetroleumresourcesandpotentialcommercialreserves.Themodelsandtheinformationtheyprovide,inturn,enableengineerstodesigndrillingpatterns,fracture-stimulationprogramsandmaterialsselectionthatwillavoidformationdamageandoptimizerecoveryofpetroleum.Awide-rangeoftools,technologies,experimentsandmathematicaltechniquesaredeployedtoachievethis.Characterizingtheinterconnectedfracture,permeabilityandporositynetworkisanessentialstepinunderstandingashaleshighly-anisotropicfeaturesonmultiplescales(nanotomacro).Well-logdata,anditspetrophysicalinterpretationtocalibratemanygeomechanicalmetricstothosemeasuredinrocksamplesbylaboratorytechniquesplaysakeyroleinprovidingaffordabletoolsthatcanbedeployedcost-effectivelyinmultiplewellbores.Likewise,microseismicdatahelpstomatchfracturedensityandpropagationobservedonareservoirscalewithpredictionsfromsimulationsandlaboratorytestsconductedonidealised/simplifieddiscretefracturenetworkmodels.Shalescomplexwettability,adsorptionandwaterimbibitioncharacteristicshaveasignificantinfluenceonpotentialformationdamageduringstimulationandtheshort-termandlongtermflowofpetroleumachievable.Manygasflowmechanismsandmodelsareproposedtakingintoaccountthemultipleflowmechanismsinvolved(e.g.,desorption,diffusion,slippageandviscousflowoperatingatmultipleporositylevelsfromnano-tomacro-scales).Fittinghistoricalproductiondataandwelldeclinecurvestomodelpredictionshelpstoverifywhethermodel'sgeomechanicalassumptionsarerealisticornot.Thisreviewdiscussesthetechniques

简介：AsshaleexploitationisstillinitsinfancyoutsideNorthAmericamuchresearcheffortisbeingchannelledintovariousaspectsofgeochemicalcharacterizationofshalestoidentifythemostprospectivebasins,formationsandmaptheirpetroleumgenerationcapabilitiesacrosslocal,regionalandbasin-widescales.Themeasurementoftotalorganiccarbon,distinguishingandcategorizingthekerogentypesintermsoil-proneversusgas-prone,andusingvitrinitereflectanceandRock-Evaldatatoestimatethermalmaturityarestandardpracticeintheindustryandappliedtosamplesfrommostwellboresdrilled.Itisthetrendsofstableisotopesratios,particularlythoseofcarbon,thewetnessratio(C1/∑(C2+C3)),andcertainchemicalbiomarkersthathaveprovedtobemostinformativeaboutthestatusofshalesasapetroleumsystem.Thesedatamakeitpossibletoidentifyproduction'sweet-spots',discriminateoil-,gas-liquid-andgas-proneshalesfromkerogencompositionsandthermalmaturities.Rolloversandreversalsofethaneandpropanecarbonisotoperatiosareparticularlyindicativeofhighthermalmaturityexposureofanorganic-richshale.Comparisonsofhopane,streraneandterpanebiomarkerswithvitrinitereflectance(Ro)measurementsofthermalmaturityhighlightdiscrepanciessuggestingthatRoisnotalwaysareliableindicatorofthermalmaturity.Majorandtraceelementinorganicgeochemistrydataandratiosprovidesusefulinformationregardingprovenance,paleoenvironments,andstratigraphic-layerdiscrimination.Thisreviewconsidersthedatameasurement,analysisandinterpretationoftechniquesassociatedwithkerogentyping,thermalmaturity,stableandnon-stableisotopicratiosforrocksandgasesderivedfromthem,productionsweet-spotidentification,geochemicalbiomarkersandinorganicchemicalindicators.Italsohighlightsuncertaintiesanddiscrepanciesobservedintheirpracticalapplication,andthenumerousoutstandingquestionsassociatedwiththem.

简介：Shales,themostabundantofsedimentaryrocks,arevaluedasthesource-rocksandsealstoporouspetroleumreservoirs.Overthepast-twentyyears,organic-richshaleshavealsoemergedasvaluablepetroleumsystems(reservoir,seal,andsourcerockscontainedinthesameformation).Assuchtheyhavebecomeprimarytargetsforpetroleumexplorationandexploitation.ThisPart1ofathree-partreviewaddressesthebulkproperties,multi-scalegeometryandgasadsorptioncharacteristicsofthesediverseandcomplexrocks.Shalesdisplayextremelylowpermeability,andtheirporosityisalsolow,butmulti-scale.Characterizingthegeometryandinterconnectivityofthepore-structureframeworkswiththenatural-fracturenetworkswithinshalesisessentialforestablishingtheirpetroleumexploitationpotential.Organic-richshalestypicallycontaintwodistincttypesofporosity:matrixporosityandfractureporosity.Inadditiontointer-granularporosity,thematrixporosityincludestwotypesofmineral-hostedporosity:inorganic-mineral-hostedporosity(IP);and,organic-matter-hosted(withinthekerogen)porosity(OP).Whereas,thefractureporosityandpermeabilityiscrucialforpetroleumproductionfromshales,itiswithintheOPwhere,typically,muchofthein-situoilandgasresourcesresides,andfromwhereitneedstobemobilized.OPincreasessignificantlyasshalesbecomemorethermallymature(i.e.,withinthegasgenerationzones),andplaysakeyroleintheultimaterecoveryfromshale-gassystems.Shales'methanesorptioncapacities(MSC)tendstobepositivelycorrelatedwiththeirtotalorganiccarboncontent(TOC),thermalmaturation,andmicroporevolume.Claymineralsalsosignificantlyinfluencekeyphysicalpropertiesofshalerelatedtofluidflow(permeability)andresponsetostress(fracability)thatdeterminetheirprospectivityforpetroleumexploitation.Claymineralscanalsoadsorbgas,somemuchbetterthanothers.Thesurfaceareaoftheporestructureofshalescanbepositively