简介：AbstractBackground:Keloids are benign fibrous growths that are caused by excessive tissue build-up. Severe keloids exert more significant effects on patients’ quality of life than do mild keloids. We aimed to identify factors associated with the progression from mild keloids to severe keloids, as distinct from those associated with the formation of keloids.Methods:In this retrospective case-control study, 251 patients diagnosed with keloids at West China Hospital between November 2018 and April 2021 were grouped according to the severity of lesions (mild [n = 162] or severe [n = 89]). We collected their basic characteristics, living habits, incomes, comorbidities, and keloid characteristics from Electronic Medical Records in the hospital and the patients’ interviews. Conditional multivariable regression was performed to identify the independent risk factors for the progression of keloids.Results:Eighty-nine patients (35.5%) were classified as having severe keloids. We found the distribution of severe keloids varied with sex, age, excessive scrubbing of keloids, family income, the comorbidity of rheumatism, disease duration, characteristics of the location, location in sites of high-stretch tension, the severity and frequency of pain, the severity of pruritus, and infection. Multivariable analysis revealed significant associations between severe keloids and infection (odds ratio [OR], 3.55; P = 0.005), excessive scrubbing of keloids (OR, 8.65; P = 0.001), low or middle family income (OR, 13.44; P = 0.021), comorbidity of rheumatism (OR, 18.97; P = 0.021), multiple keloids located at multiple sites (OR, 3.18; P = 0.033), and disease duration >15 years (OR, 2.98; P = 0.046).Conclusion:Doctors should implement more active and thorough measures to minimize the progression of mild keloids in patients who have any of the following risk factors: infection, excessive scrubbing of keloids, low or middle family income, comorbidity of rheumatism, multiple keloids located at multiple sites, and disease duration >15 years.

简介：无

简介：AbstractInfectious diseases are an increasing threat to global biosafety. Vaccination is the most effective and cost-efficient method for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. The development of new vaccines is inextricably linked to the advancement of materials that serve as essential components of vaccines, such as antigens, adjuvants, and their carriers. The physicochemical and biological properties of vaccines—such as the kinetics of antigen retention and presentation—are determined by the material compositions of vaccines and carriers, affecting the overall efficacy. The sustained release of antigens prolongs their retention time in germinal centers and improves humoral immune responses. Pulsatile release that imitates clinical dosing regimens can improve patient adherence to vaccination, affording increased vaccine coverage. Herein, we review progress of materials innovation on altering vaccine release kinetics, which affects the overall vaccine efficacy, safety, and compliance.