简介：Thesurfaceglycoproteinhemagglutinin(HA)helpstheinfluenzaAvirustoevadethehostimmunesystembyantigenicvariationandisamajordrivingforceforviralevolution.Inthisstudy,theselectionpressureonHAofH5N1influenzaAviruswasanalyzedusingbioinformaticsalgorithms.Mostoftheidentifiedpositiveselection(PS)siteswerefoundtobewithinoradjacenttoepitopesites.SomeoftheidentifiedPSsitesareconsistentwithpreviousexperimentalstudies,providingfurthersupporttothebiologicalsignificanceofourfindings.ThehighestfrequencyofPSsiteswasobservedinrecentstrainsisolatedduring2005–2007.PhylogeneticanalysiswasalsoconductedonHAsequencesfromvarioushosts.Viraldriftisalmostsimilarinbothavianandhumanspecieswithaprogressivetrendovertheyears.OurstudyreportsnewmutationsinfunctionalregionsofHAthatmightprovidemarkersforvaccinedesignorcanbeusedtopredictisolatesofpandemicpotential.

简介：Thenumberofcompletelysequencedarchaealgenomeshasbeensufficientforalarge-scalebioinformaticstudy.Wehaveconductedanalysesforeachcodingregionfrom36archaealgenomesusingtheoriginalCGSalgorithmbycalculatingthetotalGCcontent(G+C),GCcontentinfirst,secondandthirdcodonpositionsaswellasinfourfoldandtwofolddegeneratedsitesfromthirdcodonpositions,levelsofargininecodonusage(Arg2:AGA/G;Arg4:CGX),levelsofaminoacidusageandtheentropyofaminoacidcontentdistribution.InarchaealgenomeswithstrongGCpressure,arginineiscodedpreferablybyGC-richArg4codons,whereasinmostofarchaealgenomeswithG+C<0.6,arginineiscodedpreferablybyAT-richArg2codons.InthegenomeofHaloquadratumwalsbyi,whichiscloselyrelatedtoGC-richarchaea,GCcontenthasdecreasedmostlyinthirdcodonpositions,whileArg4>>Arg2biasstillpersists.Proteomesofarchaealspeciescarrycharacteristicaminoacidbiases:levelsofisoleucineandlysineareelevated,whilelevelsofalanine,histidine,glutamineandcytosinearerelativelydecreased.NumerousgenomicandproteomicbiasesobservedcanbeexplainedbythehypothesisofpreviouslyexistedstrongmutationalATpressureinthecommonpredecessorofallarchaea.