简介:Intheconceptualframeworkofadaptationpolicyassessmenttoclimatechange,adaptationmeasurescanbecategorizedastwogroups:facilitationandimplementation.Facilitationmeasuresreferstoactivitiesthatenhanceadaptivecapacity,whileimplementationreferstoactivitiesthatactuallyavoidadverseclimateimpactsonasystembyreducingitsexposureorsensitivitytoclimatichazards,orbymoderatingrelevantnon-climaticfactors.Thispaperaimstoestablishamatrixofimplementationmeasuresofadaptationtoclimatechange,throughfourdifferentwayshowadaptationcaninfluencetherelevantelementsofclimatechange:reducingtheexposure,reducingthesensitivity,alleviatingtheadverseimpactsandreducingthenegativenon-climaticfactors,andthenfurtherdiscusstheparticularimplementationmeasuresofadaptationtoclimatechange,throughapplicationstudiesontheselectedsub-systems,intendtoorganizethedisorderedimplementationmeasuresinexistent,andputforwardsomenewmeasuresundertheguidanceofthismatrix,whichcouldenrichandpromotethesystemandcontentofimplementationmeasuresofadaptation.
简介:Sincethereformandopeningup,thelocalgovernmenthasplayedakeyroleinpromotingtheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofourcountry,andtheeffectiveimplementationofthelocalgovernmenthasbecomeanimportantresearchtopic.Therefore,basedontheliterature,theobservationmethodofin-depthinterviews,practiceinvestigationandparticipationisadoptedinthispaper,whichfocusesontheimplementationofspecialgroupsofsocialassistancepolicy.Thetheoreticalframeworkofgovernment’rationalchoicerevealsthestatusoflocalgovernmentimplementationpoliciesandbehaviorbehindthemechanismandorganizationalstructure.Thestudyfoundthat:(1)thelocalgovernmentiseasytochooseaquantifiablepolicytoimplement;(2)thereisacoexistencebetweenthelocalgovernmentdepartments;(3)thelocalgovernmentselectivelymeetstheneedsofspecialpersonnel;(4)thelocalgovernment’sseekingpoliticalpromotionandpowerleadstoitsbehavioralienation.
简介:Companiescandomanybusinessopportunitiesthatdrivethegrowthrateofthecountry’seconomy.Butontheothersideoftherateofeconomicgrowth,visiblesocialgapandenvironmentaldamageoccurred.Therefore,thecompanymustrunitsoperationsbynotonlyfocusontheinterestsofthecompany(shareholder),butalsolookatthesocialandenvironmentalinterests(stakeholder)byimplementinggreenbusinesswhichistheapplicationofcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).Thisstudyaimstodeterminetheeffectofprofitability,leverage,andgrowthoncorporatesocialresponsibilitydisclosure(CSRD)ordisclosureoftheimplementationofgreenbusinessoffoodandbeveragecompanieslistedontheIndonesiaStockExchange(BEI)2013to2015whichisthepopulationofthisstudy.Thisgroupofcompaniesistakenastheobjectofresearchbecauseinthoseyearsthegroupofcompaniescontinuestoexperiencegrowthandcontributethelargesttogrossdomesticproduct(GDP)comparedtoothergroupsofcompanies.ThisresearchcanbeinputformanyothercompanieshowconditiononCSRDinfoodandbeverageconditionseenfromfinancialfactors.Thetypeofresearchisdescriptivequantitativewithhypothesistestingandcausalmethod.Theresultofthisresearchprovesthatprofitabilityvariablewithreturnonassets(ROA)indicatorinfluencesignificantlyandpositivelytoCSRD,whileleverageandgrowthdoesnotsignificantlyinfluenceCSRD.