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简介：在奥运会的结束，由超过一个国家赢得的奖章作为在中国与许多金的赢得了100枚奖章的2008场比赛在全部的数字是许多和结束，美国赢得110枚奖章，这经常发生但是与金牌的一个更小的数字。问题是：尽管它经常任意地被做，有确定的一个方法黄金，银和铜奖章的价值正当地担心解决这？这短解释证明有由为intangibles的测量使用作者的理论的，分析层次过程。

简介：ByapplyingtwononlinearGrangercausalitytestingmethodsandrollingwindowstrat-egytoexploretherelationshipbetweenspeculativeactivitiesandcrudeoilprices,theunidirectionalGrangercausalityfromspeculativeactivitiestoreturnsofcrudeoilpricesduringthehighpricephaseisdiscovered.ItisprovedthatspeculativeactivitiesdidcontributetohighcrudeoilpricesaftertheAsianfinancialcrisisandOPEC'soutputcutin1998.TheunidirectionalGrangercausalityfromreturnsofcrudeoilpricestospeculativeactivitiesissignificantingeneral.Butafter2000,withthesharpriseincrudeoilprices,thisunidirectionalGrangercausalitybecameacomplexnonlinearrelationship,whichcannotbedetectedbyanylinearGrangercausalitytest.

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