简介：Adiscrepancyremainsinthefirsttwoleadingempiricalorthogonalfunction(EOF)modesofthetropicalPacificseasurfacetemperatureanomaly(SSTA)basedonobservationssincethe1980s.TheEOF1mode,representingtheElNino-SouthernOscillation(ENSO),isarobustresult.However,theEOF2featureseitherElNinoModoki(EM)orENSOevolutionduringdifferentperiods,whichisprobablyassociatedwiththeimpactsofglobalwarming.TheunderlyingquestioniswhattheEOF2modeofthetropicalPacificwouldbewithoutglobalwarming.UsingtheCMIP5preindustrialscenariotoexcludetheinfluenceofglobalwarming,wefindthattheEOF1modeofthetropicalPacificSSTArepresentsENSOandthattheEOF2modeisnotEM.Accordingtothelead–lagcorrelationbetweentheENSOandEOF2modes,thelinkagebetweenthesetwomodesisasfollows:…ElNino→EOF2→LaNina→–EOF2→ElNino….Byanalyzingtheevolutionofseasurfacetemperature,surfacewind,andsubsurfaceoceantemperatureanomalies,wefindthemechanismlinkingtheENSOandEOF2modesistheair–seainteractionassociatedwiththeENSOcycle.ThisresultsuggeststhattheEOF2moderepresentsanaspectofENSOevolutionunderpreindustrialconditions.Therefore,thisstudyfurtherindicatesthattheEMisprobablyduetotheinfluenceofglobalwarming.

简介：PlatesubductiondrivesboththeinternalconvectionandthesurfacegeologyofthesolidEarth.Despitetherapidincreaseofcomputationalpower,itremainschallengingforgeodynamicmodelstoreproducethehistoryofEarth-likesubductionandassociatedmantleflow.Here,basedonanadaptiveapproachofsequentialdataassimilation,wepresentahigh-resolutionglobalmodelsincethemid-Mesozoic.ThismodelincorporatesthethermalstructureandsurfacekinematicsoftectonicplatesbasedonarecentplatereconstructiontoreproducetheobservedsubductionconfigurationandEarth-likeconvection.Introductionoftemperature-andcomposition-dependentrheologyallowsforincorporationofmanynaturalcomplexities,suchasinitiationofsubductionzones,reversalofsubductionpolarity,anddetailedplate-boundarydynamics.Theresultantpresent-dayslabgeometrywellmatchesBenioffzonesandseismictomographyatdepths<1500km,makingitpossibletohindcastpastsubductiondynamicsandmantleflow.Forexample,themodelproducesaflatFarallonslabbeneathNorthAmericaduringtheLateCretaceoustoEarlyCenozoic,afeaturethathasbeengeodynamicallychallengingtoreproduce.Thishigh-resolutionmodelcanalsocapturedetailsofthe4-Devolutionofslabsandtheambientmantle,suchastemporallyandspatiallyvaryingmantleflowassociatedwithevolvingslabgeometryandbuoyancyflux,aswellastheformationofshallowslabtearsduetosubductionofyoungseafloorsandtheresultingcomplexmantledeformation.Suchageodynamicframeworkservestofurtherconstrainuncertainplatereconstructioninthegeologicalpast,andtobetterunderstandtheoriginofenigmaticmantleseismicfeatures.

简介：WepresentpreliminaryresultsofanewglobalMagnetohydrodynamics(MHD)simulationmodeloftheJovianmagnetosphere.ThemodelincorporatesmassloadingfromJupiter'ssatelliteIo,theplanet'sfastcorotation,andelectrostaticcouplingbetweenitsmagnetosphereandionosphere(M-Icoupling).ThebasicconfigurationoftheJovianmagnetosphereincludingtheequatorialplasmaflowpattern,thecorotationenforcementcurrentsystem,andthefieldalignedcurrents(FACs)intheionospherearepresentedunderanantiparallelinterplanetarymagneticfield(IMF)condition.Thesimulationmodelresultsforequatorialdensityandpressureprofilesareconsistentwithresultsfromdata-basedempiricalmodels.ItisalsofoundthattherearesimilaritiesbetweentheFACsdistributionintheionosphereandtheobservedaurorafeatures,showingthepotentialapplicationofthesimpleionosphericmodeltothecomplicatedM-Icoupling.ThismodelwillhelpdeepenourunderstandingoftheglobaldynamicsoftheJovianmagnetosphere.