简介：AIM:Toclarifythecorrelationwithphenotypicexpression,clinicopathologicalfeatures,geneticalterationandmicrosatellite-instabilitystatusinsmallintestinaladenocarcinoma(SIA).METHODS:Thecasesof47patientsdiagnosedwithprimarySIAsthatweresurgicallyresectedatourinstitutionin1975-2005werestudied.Wereviewedclinicopathologicalfindings(age,gender,tumorsize,grossappearance,histologicalmorphologictype,invasiondepth,lymphaticpermeation,venousinvasion,andlymphnodemetastasis),andtheimmunohistochemicalexpressionofMUC5AC,MUC6,MUC2,CD10,andmismatch-repair(MMR)proteins(MLH1andMSH2).WeanalyzedKRASandBRAFgenemutations,andthemicrosatelliteinstability(MSI)status.TheimmunohistochemicalstainingofCD10,MUC2,MUC5ACandMUC6wasconsideredpositivewhendistinctstainingin>5%oftheadenocarcinomacellswasrecorded.ToevaluateofMMRproteinexpression,weusedadjacentnormaltissueincludinglymphoidfollicles,inflammatorycells,andstromalcellsasaninternalpositivecontrol.SectionswithoutnuclearstaininginthetumorcellswereconsideredtohavelosttheexpressionoftherespectiveMMRprotein.RESULTS:Therewere29malesand18femalespatients(meanage59.9years,range:23-87years).Tumorswerelocatedintheduodenumin14cases(30%),thejejunumin21cases(45%),andtheileumin12cases(25%).Aphenotypicexpressionanalysisrevealed20MUC2-positivetumors(42.6%),11MUC5AC-positive(23.4%),4MUC6-positive(8.5%),and7CD10-positive(14.9%).ThetumorsizesoftheMUC2(+)tumorsweresignificantlylargerthanthoseoftheMUC2(-)tumors(mean,5.7±1.4cmvs4.7±2.1cm,P<0.05).AllthreetumorswithadenomatouscomponentwerepositiveforMUC2(P<0.05).PolypoidappearancewasseensignificantlymorefrequentlyintheCD10(+)groupthanintheCD10(-)group(P<0.05).ThetumorsizewassignificantlylargerintheCD10(+)groupthanintheCD10(-)group(mean,5.9±1.4cmvs5.0±2.1cm,P<0.05).Of34SIAswithsuccessfullyobtainedMSIdata,4wereMSI-high.O

简介：在乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染过程中，HBV特异性CD8＋T细胞的作用至关重要，它不仅参与病毒的控制和清除，同时也参与疾病的发病，机体的免疫应答水平是决定HBV被清除还是在体内长期存在的关键。本文主要讨论了在HBV感染的急性期和慢性期，HBV特异性CD87细胞的表型和功能变化的相关最新研究进展，总结了关于CD87细胞基础研究的最新知识，介绍了HBV感染的不同时期cD8叮细胞对病毒清除或病毒持续存在的作用机制。同时，也对新型的HBV特异性CD8＋T细胞细胞免疫模型系统和检测方法的建立做了介绍，并列举了与传统方法无法比拟的检测优势和深远意义。

简介：程序性死亡分子-1（PD-1）是T淋巴细胞膜表面表达的负向协同刺激分子，与其主要配体（PD-L1）形成通路后，可以减弱T淋巴细胞的免疫反应，甚至导致T淋巴细胞功能衰竭。PD-1／PD-L1信号通路在乙型肝炎病毒感染后的效应T细胞免疫耐受中具有重要作用，阻断该途径可能是抗病毒治疗的方向之一，具有良好的应用前景。