简介：Objectives:TodescribeandanalyzeHIV/AIDS/STD-relatedhighriskbehaviorsandaffectingfactorsofmenwhohavesexwithmen(MSM)inmainlandChina~Methods:426self-administeredorinterview-basedquestionnairescollectedfromMSMwereanalyzedwithSPSSorSASSystems.Results:OftheMSM,four-fifthshadengagedinoral-genitalintercourse,abouthalfhadengagedinanalintercourse,andinthepastyearmorethantwo-fifthshadcasualsexualpartner(s).Veryfewmaintainedmonogamoussexualrelationships,andnearlyhalfalsohadintercoursewithwomen.Onefourthhadpreviouslybeendiagnosedwithavenerealdiseases.OneHIV+individualwasfoundamongthe40whoreportedhavingbeentestedforHIV.Onlytwomenconsistentlyusedcondomsamongtheone-thirdwhohadeverusedcondoms,despitealmostuniversalknowledgeofHIVanditstransmission.Conclusions:MSMinmainlandChinaareverysexuallyactive,highlightingthepossibilityofaseriousHIVepidemicthatmaybedirectlyspreadtothefemalepopulation.However,AIDSinterventionstargetingMSMfacesevereobstructionsresultingfromculturalbiasandotherfactors.

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简介：Objective:Todetecttheactivatedexpressionoftelomeraseincondylomaacuminatalesionsinlow-risk(6/11)andhigh-risk(16/18)humanpapillomavirus(HPV)infectionandexaminetheroleplayedbytelomeraseintheoccurrence,developmentandcarcinomatouschangeofcondylomaacuminata.Methods:AssayingtheexpressionoftelomeraseandthetypeofHPVindamagedskinof42CApatientsandnormalskinof30healthycontrolindividualsthroughtelomeraserepeatamplificationprotocol(TRAP)andpolymerasechainreaction(PCR).Results:Inallthenormalskincontrols,PCRforHPVwasnegativeandonly16.7%ofsampleswerepositiveforTLMAexpression;inCAlesions,HPVtestingwaspositiveinall(32caseswerelow-risk,3werehigh-risk,and7wereofmixedtype)andallwerepositiveforTLMAexpression.Conclusion:TLMAmaybeactivatedbyHPVinfection,andinturncausethehyperplasiaofepidermalcells.ItwasalsoindicatedthatHPV,especiallyhighrisktypes,canactivateTLMA.TheactivationofTLMAmayplayanimportantroleinabnormalhyperplasiaandcarcinomatouschangesinCAlesions.

简介：Objectives:ToprobesomemoreimportantfactorsaffectingtheHIVepidemicbysurveyingtherelationshipbetweenAIDShighriskbehaviorsandchildhoodstatus,attitude/perceptiontogenderofmale/sexorientationandrareexperiences/Psy-chologyamongChinesegays.Methods:Datawerecollectedfrom240Chinesegayswhowereattractedbytheirsamegender.Results:TheextentofsexamongMainlandChinagaysissimilartothatofindustrializedcountries,andbehaviorsthatexacerbatetheHIVepidemicareuniversal.Perceptions“beingagirlisbetter”,“Disliketoyslikeswordsorpistolsinearlychildhoodwerepredictorstopassiveanalintercourseinadulthood.Thosegaymenwhobegansexualintercourseyoungerthan16yearsoldtendedtohavemoresexpartnersandsufferedmorepain.Thosedislikedgenderofmaleorself-regardedasfemaletendedtohavemorepassiveanalintercourseandrelatedtochildhoodcross-genderexperience/psychologywhilethosewereraisedasgirlsbytheirparentsdidnottakeontheabovecharacters.Individualswhoexperiencedsexcoercionanddrugabusewerethetwosubgroupswiththegreatesthigh-riskbehaviors.Individualswhohadsexwithfemaleshadthegreatestnumberofmalesexpartnersandweremorepronetogroupsex.Individualswithpedophiliaorgerontophiliahadmorecasualsexpartners.PsychologicalproblemsencounteredbyChinesegaysrelatedtosuicideattemptsandcommitment.Conclusions:TheprospectofanextensiveAIDSepidemicamongChinesegaysdoesexistandsomesubgroupsofgaysplaymoreimportantrolesintheepidemic.Somehighriskbehaviorsamongadultgayscanbeforeseenexplicitlybythepredictorstakingoninchildhood,andcloselyrelatetoattitude/perception,togenderofmale,tosomerareexperience/psychology.

简介：Objectives:Todescribeandanalyzeriskfactorsassociatedwithdisuseofcondomsduringcommercialsexualintercourseamongclientsattendingsaunaandmassagecenters.Methods:Selectedfemalesexworkersfromsaunasandbeautyparlorsweretrainedasinterviewers.Theysurveyedclientsduringprovisionofsexualservices.Informationcollectedincludedcustomers’demographics,knowledgeofSTDs,rationaleforandhistoryofcondomuse.Riskfactorsforcondomusagewereasessedthoughlogisticalmodeling.Results:Atotalof50clientswereinterviewed.Theratesofcondomusageforlastsexualintercoursewithcommercialandnon-commercialpartnerswere57%and53%forclientsofrespectively.Thechoicetouseacomdomwasinfluencedbyclients60.8%ofthetime,sexworkers30.4%,andotherfactors8.8%.Thechoiceagainstusingacondomwasdecideduponbyclients69.7%,ogthetime,sexworkers9.1%,andotherfactors21.2%.Multivariateanalysisshowedthateducationallevelandperceptionofriskofinfectionwerefactorsforcondomuse.Clientswithahighschooleducationhadahighercondomuseratethanthosewithamiddleschooleducationorless.Furthermore,clientswhoperceivedriskofdiseaseusedcomdomsmorefrequentlythanthosewhodidnot.Conclusions:Clientsplayedasignificantroleindecidingwhetherornottouseacondomduringcommercialsex,Lackofperceptionofriskisamajorfactorfornotusingcondoms.Aprogramforpromotionofprophylacticstargetingbothcommercialsexworkersandtheirclientsisrecommended.

简介：Objectives:Todeterminetheaetiologiesofvaginaldischargesyndromes,tocalculatetheperformanceofdifferentmanagementalgorithms,andvalidatethesealgorithmsinSTDclinicsinChina.ThesealgorithmswereadoptedfromthoseproposedbytheWorldHealthOrganization.Methods:Atotalof315consecutivepatientswithvaginaldischargewereenrolledatthreeSTDclinics.CervicalinfectionwasdefinedaspresenceofNeisseriagonorrhoeaeoncultureand/orChlamydiatrachomatisbypolymerasechainreaction.OtherlaboratorytestsincludedwetmountmicroscopyandpHtestingofvaginalfluid.Sensitivity,specificity,andpositivepredictivevalueofdifferentalgorithmsweredeterminedusingstandardmethods.Results:Cervicalinfectionwasidentifiedin37.8%ofpatients(20.6%gonorrhea,12.7%chlamydialinfection,4.4%gonorrheaincombinationwithchlamydialinfection).Thesensitivity,specificity,andpositivepredictivevalueofalgorithmsAandBfortheidentificationofNeisseriagonorrhoeaeand/orChlamydiatrachomatiswererespectively71.4%and90.8%,65.3%and46.9%,55.6%and50.9%.Conclusions:Thevaginaldischargealgorithmscouldbeappliedforclinicalmanagement.Theirsensitivitiesareacceptable.However,thereisaneedtofurtherimprovetheirspecificityandpositivepredictivevalue.Thetwoalgorithmscouldbeusedinclinicalsettingswithdifferentfacilities.Thesealgorithmsshouldalsobevalidatedinpopulationswithlowerdiseaseprevalence.

简介：Summary:RiskfactorsforgenitourinaryChlamydiatrachomatis(Ct)infectionwereinvestigatedusinganSTDrelativeriskfactorquestionnaireamong176patientsandtheirregularsexualpartners.Twenty-fourindependentvariableswereselectedforanalysis,nineofwhichwereconfirmedasfactorsassociatedwithC.trachomatis.Fouroftheninefactorsweresignificantlycorrelatedtoinfectionusingamultifactorialunconditionallogisticregressionmodelwhichincluded:levelofeducation(oddsratios[ORs]:2.144forbelowjuniormiddleschool),numberofsexualpartners(ORs:4.503for≥5),numberofregularpartner'ssexualpartner(ORs:16.333for≥5),STDhistoryofregularpartner(ORs:18.417fortheirSTDhistory).Thesedatademonstratethatregularpartner'ssexualbehaviorsarealsoanimportantriskfactorforCtinfectionamong,STDclinicclients.

简介：Objective:Todescribethedifferentcharacteristicsbetweenfull-timesexworkers(FTSW)andpart-timesexworkers(PTSW)inGuangzhou,China,andtode-terminetheriskfactorswhichleadtothesignificantlyhigherprevalenceofgonorrheaandtrichomoniasisamongFTSW.Methods:FromMarch1998toOctober1999femalesexworkerswererecruitedthroughvariousoutreachmethods,andwereinterviewedandtestedforthepres-enceofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs).IntermsofadditionalregularsalaryfemalesexworkersweredividedintoFTSWwhodidn'thaveadditionalregularsalaryandPTSWwhohadadditionalregularsalary.Univariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanaly-seswereusedtoidentifyriskfactorsforgonorrhea/trichomoniasisandtodeterminetheconfoundersintherelationshipbetweennoregularsalaryandgonor-rhea/trichomoniasis.Results:Atotalof442FTSWand524PTSWen-teredthisstudy.Prevalenceofgonorrheaandtri-chomoniasiswassignificantlyhigherinFTSWcomparedtoPTSW.FTSWweremorelikelytohavealowereducationlevel,haveahistoryofinject-ingdrugsusesince1990,torecruitclientsinamas-sage/sauna,havebusinessmenastheirclientsandnothaveasteadypartnercomparedtoPTSW.Inbivariateanalysesmodels,ageleavingeducation,maintypesofclientsandrecruitmentlocationsappearedtobethestrongestlinksbetweennoregularsalariedpositionandgonorrhea.Ahistoryofinjectingdrugsandhay-ingnosteadypartner(past12months)appearedtobethestrongestlinksintherelationshipbetweennoregu-larsalariedpositionandtrichomoniasis.Conclusion:Differenteducationlevels,clients,andrecruitmentlocationsbetweenFTSWandPTSWmayaccountforthedifferentgonorrheaprevalenceamongsexworkers.Thehigherprevalenceoftrichomonia-sisamongFTSWmayberelatedtothelargerpropor-tionofwomenhavingnosteadypartnerorahistoryofinjectingdrugs.TheresultssuggeststrategiestopreventHIV/STDsamongfemalesexworkersshoul

简介：Objective:Theaiminthisstudywastoidentifytheallelicfrequenciesofthechemokine(SDF1-3'A)andchemokinereceptor(CCR5△32,CCR5m303andCCR2-64I)genesresistanttoHIV-1infectionand/ordiseaseprogressioninindigenousChinesepopulations.Methods:ByusingQIAampDNABloodMiniKit,thegenomicDNAsampleswerepurifiedfromwholeperipheralbloodofhealthyindividuals(n=2067)fromHan,Uygur,MongolianandTibetanethnicgroups,aswellasHanpatientsincludingHIV-1carriers(n=330),patientswithothersexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs,n=259)andintravenousdrugusers(IVDUs,n=125).TheallelicpolymorphismswereidentifiedbymeansofPCRorPCR-RFLPanalyses.ThesequencesofrandomlyselectedamplifiedPCRproductswerefurtherconfirmedbydirectDNAsequencing.Results:Themutantfrequencieswereidentifiedtobe0%-3.48%forCCR5△32,0%forCCR5m303,19.15%-28.79%forCCR2-64and19.10%-28.73%forSDF1-3'Aalleles,respectively,inChinesehealthyindividualsfromfourethnicgroups.Ourfindingsindicatedtheallelicfrequenciesvaryamongthedifferentethnicgroups.Furthermore,theHIV-1carriers,STDcasesandIVDUs(allofHanethnicity)werefoundtohavetheallelicfrequenciesof0%-0.19%(CCR5A32),0%(CCR5m303),19.31%-20.45%(CCR2-64)and25.61%-26.83%(SDF1-3'A)withminorvariationsintheirfrequenciesbetweenthepatientsandhealthyHangroups.TherewasnoCCR5-m303mutationfoundinanysubjectinthisstudy.Conclusion:TheexaminedsubjectsoffourChineseethnicoriginsshowedlowerfrequenciesofCCR5A32andCCR5m303alleles,buthigherfrequenciesofmutantCCR264IandSDF1-3'Aallelescomparedtothoseidentifiedinnorthern-EuropeanandAmericanCaucasians.ThesignificanceofthedifferentfrequenciesandpolymorphismsoftheaboveallelesinChinesepopulationsneedstobefurtherexaminedinHIV-1/AIDSdiseases.