简介：Ricecultivationisconsideredtobeinitiatedbyvegetativepropagationofsproutfromwildperennialstocks.Totestwhetheranypresentlycultivatedricecultivarcansurvivethewintercoldornot,ricestocksofseveralcultivarsincludingindicaandjaponicatypeswereplacedinashallowpoolfromOctobertoAprilin2015–2016and2016–2017.Duringthecoldestperiodofthewinter,thebasesofthestockswereplaced5–6cmbelowthesurfaceofwater,wheretemperaturesrangedfrom3oCto5oC,whilethesurfacewasfrozenfortwoorthreetimesandcoveredwithsnowforaday.Onlyonecultivar,Nipponbare,ajaponicatype,survivedthewintercoldandregeneratedsproutsintheendofAprilorearlyMay.Apossibilitytodevelopperennialcultivationofriceorperennialhybridriceisdiscussed.

简介：ThetransgenicriceKMD1,expressingasyntheticCry1AbgenefromBacillusthuringiensis,showedeffectiveresistancetoSignificantdeclineswererevealedinfoodconsumptionandgrowthoftheolderRLFnymphsfedonthecut-leavesoftransgenicKMD1plants.TheincreaserateoffoodconsumptionbylarvaefedonKMD1wasdrasticallylowerthanthoseonXiushui11.FoodconsumptionwasvariedwithdifferentinstarswhenthelarvaefedontheBtrice.Thoseoffourth-andfifth-instarlarvaeweredifferentcomparedtothethird-instar,lowerthanthoseonthenon-transgenicricebutstillincreasedalittlewhenthefeedingtimeprolonged.ItisindicatedthatyoungerRLFlarvaearemoresensitivetoBtricethanolderones.Also,about81%,78%and68%ofthethird-,fourth-andfifth-instarRLFlarvaediedwithin72hoursbioassayperiodonKMD1leaves,respectively.TheseresultsdemonstratedthatBt-transgeneinKMD1riceconferssubstantialprotectionagainstinfestationswitholderRLFlarvae.

简介：Riceleaffolder,Cnaphalocrocismedinalis,isoneofthemajorfoliagefeedersfoundinthericegrowingregionsinIndia.Whenthecropwasatmaturity,numerousadultsofriceleaffolderwerefoundinthericefieldsthoughthelarvalpopulationgraduallydecreased,andnoeggswerefoundonriceleaves.ThepopulationcharacteristicsofC.medinaliswereassessedbasedonthephysiologicalagestatusofadultsatdifferentcropgrowthstages.Basedoneggdevelopmentwithinovarioles,ovarioleappearance,numberandcolouroffatbodies,andcharacteristicsofbursacopulatrix,physiologicalagestatusoftheadultswasdescribed,whichservedasabasisforthedeterminationofagecomposition.C.medinalisadultswerefoundduringthefirstweekofAugustonriceplants,ofwhich44%wereinAge0withimmatureovaries,indicatingimmigrants.However,28%adultseachwereatAges1–2withdevelopingovaries,indicatinglocalbreedingpopulation.Thecarryoverandoff-seasonsurvivalofC.medinaliswerealsostudiedtodeterminethecontributionofthealternativehostsinthepopulationgrowththathelpedindevisingefficientmanagementstrategies.RicewasthemostpreferredhostfollowedbyTriticumaestivum,EchinochloacrusgulliandBrachiariaplantaginea.VariousroutesofthecarryoverofC.medinalisfromseasontoseasonwerediscussed.