简介:Woodpropertiesfrom28trees(Populuseuramericana)selectedfromhealthyandacidraindamagedforestweremeasuredtoevaluatethepossibleimpactsonwoodqualityandutilization.Ontheheavilydamagedlocation,thepHvalueofprecipitationrangedfrom3.7-5.0,andsulfateloadingrangedfrom20-40kg·ha-2.y-1.Quantitativeandqualitativestudiesonringwidth,physicalpropertiesandmechanicalpropertiesindicatedthatchangesofwoodpropertiesbetweendiseasedandhealthypoplaroccurred.Aci...
简介:ThispaperestablishedanintegratedstandgrowthmodelofMongolianoak(ISGM_oak)usingthedatafrom61permanentsampleplotsmeasuredin1997and2007.ISGM_oakisagroupofnonlinearsimultaneousequations.Themethodofnonlinearerror-in-variablesimultaneousequationsisusedtoestimatetheparametersofISGMoakwiththestatisticalsoftwareForstat2.0,sotheparameterestimationofthegroupofcorrelatedequationsinISGMoakisunbiasedandtheequationsarecompatible.Modelvalidationusingbootstrapmethodshowedthatboththeaveragerelativeerrorandsquareerrorarelessthan15percent.TheISGM_oakmodelcanbeusedtosimulatethestandgrowthwithdifferentvaluesofsiteindex,standdensityandtodrawstanddensitymanagementdiagramfordecision-making.
简介:Thebiodiversityofarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi(AMF)wassurveyedintheKolmregionofIraninthreeadjacentsites,anaturalstand,a10-year-oldanda15-yearoldplantationofAmygdalusscoparia.Todate,therehavebeenfewstudiesofAMFbiodiversityinIran,especiallyinthewesternforestsofthecountry.Forthisstudy,soilandrootsamplesweretakenfromA.scopariarhizospheresoilinspringandautumn.AlmosthalfoftherootlengthwascolonizedbyAMF.Weidentified13AMFspeciesbelongingtoGlomeraceae,ClaroideoglomeraceaeorDiversisporaceae.Thethreeplantationsdifferedintermsofsoilelectricalconductivity,organicCandP.SporedensitywassignificantcorrelatedwithPconcentration.RootlengthcolonizationwascorrelatedonlywithsoilCa.SpeciesdiversityandrichnessweresignificantlycorrelatedwithsoilN,P,organicCandsporedensity.AMFdiversityin15-year-oldplantationswasmoresimilartothatinthenaturalstandthaninthe10-year-oldplantation.Weconfirmedthata15-year-oldplantationisnotsimilarintermsofAMFcolonizationtonaturalstands.Weconcludethatmorethan15yearsarerequiredforAMFcolonizationofplantationstoresemblethatofnaturalstands.
简介:Eucalyptusisthemostvaluablecultivatedforestgenusinthetropicalandsubtropicalareasnowadays.Ithasbeenachallengeforforesterstomodelgrowthduetothegeneticvariations,managementregimes,andmultipleproductsgeneratedfromtheplantations.Inthispaper,LogisticequationwasusedtostudythestockgrowthprocessofE.urophylla×E.grandisplantationatageof14with6spacingtreatments.AndthebiologicalinterpretationoftheparametersofLogisticequationwasanalyzed.There...
简介:BambooforestisanimportantlanduseinthetraditionalvillageofPenglipuran,BaliIndonesia.BamboogrowingintheruralareascanbeagoodchoiceforcapturingCO2.Iharvestedselectedculmstodeterminebiomasscontent,and50%ofdryweightbiomasswascalculatedascarboncontent.ThePenglipuranbambooforestsupportedsixbamboospeciesinaonehectaresamplingplot,allofthegenusGigantochloa.Theclumpandculmdensitieswere339and7190ha-1,respectively.Totalabove-plusbelow-groundbiomasswas87.35Mgha-1,andcarbonstoragewas43.67Mgha-1.CarbonstorageestimatedinthebambooforestatPenglipuranoffersinsightintotheopportunityforPES(paymentforecosystemservices)throughemissiontradingmechanisms.
简介:Background:ThefloodplainforestsofAraguaiaRiver,aclear-waterriverinthesoutheasternAmazon(TocantinsState,Brazil),arecharacterizedbyseasonalfloodingupto3.5mheight,lownutrientlevelsinthewater,andseasonaldroughtperiodsof4–5months.Methods:Westudiedtheforestdynamics(treediametergrowth,treemortalityandrecruitment)ofthisuniqueforestecosystemovera5-yearperiodbyrepeatedcensusesin12permanentplotsestablishedalongafloodinggradient.Results:Thecumulativebasalareaintheplotsincreasedby0.84(±0.45)m2?ha~(–1)?yr~(–1)(mean±SD)intheannualy-flooded(AF)plotsinlowerterrainandby0.69(±1.00)m2?ha~(–1)?yr~(–1)inthehighernon-annualyflooded(NAF)plots,correspondingtoanabovegroundbiomassincreaseof0.81(±0.57)and0.69(±1.58)Mg?ha~(–1)?yr~(–1)intheAFandNAFplots,indicatingarecentcarbonsinkinthebiomass.Meandiametergrowthratewas1.8(±0.44)mm?yr~(–1)intheAFand2.0(±0.56)mm?yr~(–1)intheNAFplots(correspondingtoacoarsewoodproductionof1.53(±1.29)and2.02(±0.52)Mg?ha~(–1)?yr~(–1)),indicatingnofloodingeffectonradialgrowth.Meanmortalityratesinthe5-yearperiodwere1.9(±0.37)%?yr~(–1)intheAFplotsand1.8(±0.87)%?yr~(–1)intheNAFplotswithnodifferencesalongthefloodinggradient.HighestmortalitieswereregisteredintheAFplotsforthe10–20cmdbhclass(2.4%?yr~(–1)),likelyasaconsequenceofflooding,andintheNAFplotsforthe40–50cmdbhclass(3.0%?yr~(–1)),probablymainlycausedbyENSO-relateddroughts.Conclusions:Weconcludethatthesedrought-affectedtropicalfloodplainforestshavealowerstandingbiomassandabovegroundproductivitythancentralAmazonianfloodplainforestsinmorehumidclimates,andtheimprintofthefloodinggradientonstanddynamicsisrelativelyweak,whichmayresultfromthelowerfloodingheightandtheinteractionoffloodingwithlownutrientsupplyandperiodicdrought.
简介:Background:Treelinedynamicshaveinevitableimpactsontheforesttreelinestructureandcomposition.ThepresentresearchsoughttoestimatetreelinemovementandstructuralshiftsinresponsetorecentwarminginCehennemdere,Turkey.Afterimplementinganatmosphericcorrection,thegeo-shiftingofimageswasperformedtomatchimagestogetherforaperpixeltrendanalysis.WedevelopedanewapproachbasedontheNDVI,LST(landsurfacetemperature)data,airtemperaturedata,andforeststandmapsfora43-yearperiod.Theforesttreelineborderwasmappedontheforeststandmapsfor1970,1992,2002,and2013toidentifyshiftsinthetreelinealtitudes,andthenprofilestatisticswerecalculatedforeachperiod.Twentysampleplots(10×10pixels)wereselectedtoestimatetheNDVIandLSTshiftsacrosstheforesttimberlineusingper-pixeltrendanalysisandnon-parametricSpearman’scorrelationanalysis.Inaddition,thespatialandtemporalshiftsintreelinetreespecieswerecomputedwithintheselectedplotsforfourtimeperiodsontheforeststandmapstodeterminethepioneertreespecies.Results:Astatisticallysignificantincreasingtrendinallclimatevariableswasobserved,withthehighestslopeinthemonthlyaveragemeanJulytemperature(tau=0.62,ρ<0.00).Theresultantforeststandmapsshowedageographicalexpansionofthetreelineinboththehighestaltitudes(22m–45m)andthelowestaltitudes(20m–105m)from1970to2013.TheperpixeltrendanalysisindicatedanincreasingtrendintheNDVIandLSTvalueswithintheselectedplots.Moreover,increasesintheLSTwerehighlycorrelatedwithincreasesintheNDVIbetween1984and2017(r=0.75,ρ<0.05).CedruslibaniandJuniperuscommunisapp.weretwopioneertreespeciesthatexpandedandgrewconsistentlyonopenlands,primarilyonrocksandsoil-coveredareas,from1970to2013.Conclusion:Thepresentstudyilustratedthatforesttreelinedynamicsandtreelinestructuralchangescanbedetectedusingtwodata
简介:Naturalspruce-firmixedstandisoneofthemainforesttypesintheworld,andalsohashugeecological,economicandsocialbenefits.Accordingtothestructuralcharacteristicsandsuccessionlawsofnaturalspruce-firforest,itisurgentandsignificanttodevelopscientificmanagementmeasuresfornaturalspruce-firmixedstandinlinewithlocalconditions.Thearticleoutlinedthecharacteristicsofthedistributionandstructure,regenerationandsuccessionlawsofnaturalspruce-firforest,andanalyzedthecurrentsituationandexistingproblemsofnaturalspruce-firforestmanagement.Thefollowingrecommendationswereeventuallymade:1)Innocuttingarea,allloggingactivitiesshouldbebanned.Inarestrictedcuttingarea,thecuttingintensityshouldbegenerallycontrolledwithin15%ofthestockvolumebeforecutting.Onthecommodityforestmanagementarea,theappropriatecuttingintensityshouldbedeterminedaccordingtothevolumeperhectare,determineandclassificationmanagementshouldbeimplementedinaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofforest,toensurethescientificselectivecutting.2)Closureforafforestation,plantingandrepairplantingshouldbeadoptedonvegetation-intensiveland,sparseshrubscoveredlandandharvestingslash,inordertoacceleratenaturalregeneration.3)Theinsituconservationshouldbeconductedinnaturereservesandscientificexperimentstationsofrareandendangeredspecies,suchasAbieschensiensis,Piceaneoveitchii,Abiesvuanbaoshanensis,toreducehumandestruction.4)Itissupposedtocollectseedsintime,establishnursery,activelyestablishforest,expandartificialpopulationandpromotenaturalregeneration.
简介:Background:Mostcurrentapproachesinforestscienceandpracticerequireinformationaboutstructureandgrowthofindividualtreesratherthan-orinadditionto-sumandmeanvaluesofgrowthandyieldatforeststandlevelasprovidedbyclassicexperimentaldesigns.Byinventingthewheeldesign,Nelderprovidedthepossibilitytoturntotheindividualtreeasbasicinformationunit.Suchtrialsprovidevaluableinsightsintothedependencyofgrowthonstanddensityatparticularsites.Methods:Here,wepresentanextensionoftheoriginaldesignandevaluationbyNelder.(i)WeestablishedNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientthroughEuropeinatlanticclimateinBelgiumandGermany,MediterraneanclimateinItaly,continentalclimateinHungaryaswellasonhighlandclimateinMexico.SuchdisjunctNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientcanberegardedandanalysedasatwo-factordesignwiththefactorsofsiteconditionandstanddensity.(ii)WepresentanadvancedstatisticalapproachtoevaluatedensitydependentgrowthdynamicsoftreesplantedinformoftheNelderdesign,whichconsidersspatio-temporalautocorrelation.(iii)Weprovetheusefulnessofthemethodsinimprovingecologicaltheoryconcerningdensityrelatedproductivity,trade-offsbetweenfacilitationandcompetition,andallometricrelationsbetweensizevariables.Results:FirstevaluationsbasedonremeasuredNelderwheelsinoak(QuercusroburL.)showasizegrowthdifferentiationduringthefirstobservationperiod.Inparticular,heightgrowthisacceleratedunderhighercompetitionindicatingfacilitationeffects.Wedetectfurthermoreahighvariabilityinallometricrelations.Conclusions:Theproposeddesign,methods,andresultsarediscussedregardingtheirimpactonforestpractice,modelbuilding,andecologicaltheory.WeconcludethattheextendedNelderapproachishighlyefficientinprovidingcurrentlylackingindividualtreelevelinformation.