简介:低阻油气层与邻近水层相比,岩性和孔隙度测井特征相似,电阻率测井差异小,甚至基本一致,造成油气层和水层区分困难。随着勘探开发的不断深入,国内陆上和海域主要含油气盆地中均已发现低阻油气层,为勘探开发带来可观的储量产量和经济效益,因此迫切需要总结其成因及测井识别评价方法。地质成因包括岩性因素、储层因素、地层水矿化度、低幅度圈闭和油气性质等;工程成因包括钻井液侵入、测井仪器和钻井工艺等。双电阻率法、视地层水电阻率法、自然电位减小系数法和测井曲线特征集法等7种实用低阻油气层测井识别方法大大提高了测井解释准确度。开展以饱和度为核心的低阻油气层定量评价,建立W—S和三水饱和度模型。
简介:低丘缓坡地是一种重要的土地储备资源,在我国土地资源日趋紧张的情况下,合理开发利用低丘缓坡地成为缓解土地供需矛盾的重要途径。本文基于金寨县2011年SPOT5高分影像、土地利用变更调查成果等数据,利用地理信息技术对其土地资源进行了分类,选取了利于综合开发利用适宜性因子,应用德尔菲法确定了各因子权重并建立了评价指标体系,并对金寨县低丘缓坡资源进行了适宜性评价,得到如下结果:金寨县低丘缓坡资源主要分布于北部及东北部,其中梅山镇及南溪镇低丘缓坡资源面积占比较高,长岭乡低丘缓坡资源面积占比最小;全县低丘缓坡资源综合开发利用评价分值为0.279~0.772,其中宜建低丘缓坡资源面积占比最高,不宜开发低丘缓坡资源面积占比最小;土地利用分类中,裸地较其他地类而言更适宜进行开发利用,因而宜建、宜农、宜林、宜园低丘缓坡资源面积种裸地占比均为最高。
简介:Thetyphoon,asamaturetropicalcyclonethatdevelopsinthewesternpartoftheNorthPacificOceanwithhighwindspeedandheavyrainfall,isoneofthemostlethalandcostlyofnaturaldisastersforthedenselypopulatedcountriesofEastAsia.Itcanbeeasilydetectedbyspace-bornesensorsoperatedatmicrowave,visibleorinfraredbands(Liuetal.,2014).SyntheticApertureRadar(SAR)is
简介:Aregionalsurfacecarbondioxide(CO_2)fluxinversionsystem,theTan-Tracker-Region,wasdevelopedbyincorporatinganassimilationschemeintotheCommunityMultiscaleAirQuality(CMAQ)regionalchemicaltransportmodeltoresolvefine-scaleCO_2variabilityoverEastAsia.Theproperorthogonaldecomposition-basedensemblefour-dimensionalvariationaldataassimilationapproach(POD-4DVar)isthecorealgorithmforthejointassimilationframework,andsimultaneousassimilationsofCO_2concentrationsandsurfaceCO_2fluxesareappliedtohelpreducetheuncertaintyininitialCO_2concentrations.ApersistencedynamicalmodelwasdevelopedtodescribetheevolutionofthesurfaceCO_2fluxesandhelpavoidthe'signal-to-noise'problem;thus,CO_2fluxescouldbeestimatedasawholeatthemodelgridscale,withbetteruseofobservationinformation.Theperformanceoftheregionalinversionsystemwasevaluatedthroughagroupofsingle-observation-basedobservingsystemsimulationexperiments(OSSEs).TheresultsoftheexperimentssuggestthatareliableperformanceofTan-Tracker-Regionisdependentoncertainassimilationparameterchoices,forexample,anoptimizedwindowlengthofapproximately3h,anensemblesizeofapproximately100,andacovariancelocalizationradiusofapproximately320km.Thisisprobablyduetothestrongdiurnalvariationandspatialheterogeneityinthefine-scaleCMAQsimulation,whichcouldaffecttheperformanceoftheregionalinversionsystem.Inaddition,becauseallobservationscanbeartificiallyobtainedinOSSEs,theperformanceofTan-Tracker-RegionwasfurtherevaluatedthroughdifferentdensitiesoftheartificialobservationnetworkindifferentCO_2fluxsituations.TheresultsindicatethatmoreobservationsiteswouldbeusefultosystematicallyimprovetheestimationofCO_2concentrationandfluxinlargeareasoverthemodeldomain.TheworkpresentedhereformsafoundationforfutureresearchinwhichathoroughestimationofCO_2fluxvariability
简介:于2016年6-11月,在辽河口盘锦市湿地科学研究所基地的芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)盐沼、笔架岭的盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)盐沼和光滩中,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,采集气体样品,在实验室中,测量和计算出气样的CO2浓度,估算CO2排放通量;分析CO2排放通量与土壤温度、氧化还原电位、pH和电导率等环境因子的关系。结果表明,辽河口芦苇盐沼、盐地碱蓬盐沼(涨潮前)和光滩(涨潮前)CO2排放通量平均值分别为(1187.7±649.0)mg/(m^2·h)、(362.4±146.1)mg/(m^2·h)和(91.1±21.1)mg/(m^2·h)。3种类型湿地CO2排放通量差异显著(n=24,p〈0.01),芦苇盐沼CO2排放通量最高,光滩的CO2排放通量最低。在涨潮中,盐地碱蓬盐沼和光滩的CO2排放通量平均值分别为(127.9±90.9)mg/(m^2·h)和(45.8±21.1)mg/(m^2·h),显著低于涨潮前的CO2排放通量(n=24,p〈0.01)。各类型湿地CO2排放通量与土壤电导率显著负相关(n=24,p〈0.01),说明土壤盐分是影响不同类型湿地CO2排放通量的关键环境因子。
简介:AsshaleexploitationisstillinitsinfancyoutsideNorthAmericamuchresearcheffortisbeingchannelledintovariousaspectsofgeochemicalcharacterizationofshalestoidentifythemostprospectivebasins,formationsandmaptheirpetroleumgenerationcapabilitiesacrosslocal,regionalandbasin-widescales.Themeasurementoftotalorganiccarbon,distinguishingandcategorizingthekerogentypesintermsoil-proneversusgas-prone,andusingvitrinitereflectanceandRock-Evaldatatoestimatethermalmaturityarestandardpracticeintheindustryandappliedtosamplesfrommostwellboresdrilled.Itisthetrendsofstableisotopesratios,particularlythoseofcarbon,thewetnessratio(C1/∑(C2+C3)),andcertainchemicalbiomarkersthathaveprovedtobemostinformativeaboutthestatusofshalesasapetroleumsystem.Thesedatamakeitpossibletoidentifyproduction'sweet-spots',discriminateoil-,gas-liquid-andgas-proneshalesfromkerogencompositionsandthermalmaturities.Rolloversandreversalsofethaneandpropanecarbonisotoperatiosareparticularlyindicativeofhighthermalmaturityexposureofanorganic-richshale.Comparisonsofhopane,streraneandterpanebiomarkerswithvitrinitereflectance(Ro)measurementsofthermalmaturityhighlightdiscrepanciessuggestingthatRoisnotalwaysareliableindicatorofthermalmaturity.Majorandtraceelementinorganicgeochemistrydataandratiosprovidesusefulinformationregardingprovenance,paleoenvironments,andstratigraphic-layerdiscrimination.Thisreviewconsidersthedatameasurement,analysisandinterpretationoftechniquesassociatedwithkerogentyping,thermalmaturity,stableandnon-stableisotopicratiosforrocksandgasesderivedfromthem,productionsweet-spotidentification,geochemicalbiomarkersandinorganicchemicalindicators.Italsohighlightsuncertaintiesanddiscrepanciesobservedintheirpracticalapplication,andthenumerousoutstandingquestionsassociatedwiththem.
简介:以滇西北碧塔海泥炭沼泽土壤为研究对象,通过野外测量和室内分析相结合的方法,研究牦牛(Bosmutus)践踏和牦牛粪影响下的土壤总有机碳含量、全氮含量和N_2O排放通量。结果表明,牦牛践踏显著抑制了土壤N_2O的排放;牦牛粪的输入促进了土壤N_2O的排放,且牦牛粪分解前期是N_2O排放的高峰期。在0~30cm深度土层内,牦牛放牧使土壤总有机碳含量增加,牦牛践踏和牦牛粪都促进了土壤总有机碳含量的增加,增加比例分别为39.27%和12.19%;随着土壤深度的增加,粪斑样方土壤总有机碳含量显著减小,践踏样方土壤总有机碳含量略有增加。牦牛放牧使土壤全氮含量增加,牦牛践踏和牦牛粪都促进了土壤全氮含量的增加,增加比例分别为50.56%和12.76%;随着土壤深度的增加,践踏样方和粪斑样方土壤全氮含量都在减小。
简介:Newsatellite-derivedlatentandsensibleheatfluxesareperformedbyusingWindSatwindspeed,WindSatseasurfacetemperature,theEuropeanCentreforMedium-rangeWeatherForecasting(ECMWF)airhumidity,andECMWFairtemperaturefrom2004to2014.The55mooredbuoysareusedtovalidatethembyusingthe30minand25kmcollocationwindow.Furthermore,theobjectivelyanalyzedair-seaheatfluxes(OAFlux)productsandtheNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction-NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchreanalysis2(NCEP2)productsarealsousedforglobalcomparisons.ThemeanbiasesofsensibleandlatentheatfluxesbetweenWindSatfluxresultsandbuoyfluxdataare–0.39and–8.09W/m~2,respectively.Inaddition,therootmean-square(RMS)errorsofthesensibleandlatentheatfluxesbetweenthemare5.53and24.69W/m~2,respectively.TheRMSerrorsofsensibleandlatentheatfluxesareobservedtograduallyincreasewithanincreasingbuoywindspeed.Thedifferenceshowsdifferentcharacteristicswithanincreasingseasurfacetemperature,airhumidity,andairtemperature.ThezonalaveragelatentfluxeshavesomehighregionswhicharemainlylocatedinthetradewindzoneswherestrongwindscarrydryairinJanuary,andthemaximumvaluecentersarefoundintheeasternwatersofJapanandontheUSeastcoast.Overall,theseasonalvariabilityispronouncedintheIndianOcean,thePacificOcean,andtheAtlanticOcean.Thethreesensibleandlatentheatfluxeshavesimilarlatitudinaldependencies;however,somedifferencesarefoundinsomelocalregions.
简介:按照测量不确定度评定方法,对氢化物发生.原子荧光光谱法测定地球化学样品中铋结果进行不确定度评定。研究发现原子荧光光谱法测定地球化学样品中铋含量的不确定度主要来源于样品制备过程、标准溶液配制过程、校准曲线拟合过程、重复性测量以及分析仪器的不确定度等。通过对各分量的不确定度进行量化,得出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明最大的不确定度来源于样品制备过程。当样品中铋含量为24.76μg/g时,其扩展不确定度(k=2)为1.40μg/g。
简介:孔隙结构特征及类型划分对低渗透储层勘探开发至关重要,基于多重分形理论与核磁共振实验,对东营凹陷南坡沙河街组沙四段(ES4)复杂低渗透砂岩进行孔隙结构研究。首先,根据岩心物性、铸体薄片、压汞等资料所反映的孔隙结构参数差异,将研究区的岩石孔隙结构类型划分了3大类5小类;然后,针对不同类型岩石的核磁共振T2谱进行插值并计算其对数坐标下的一维、三维分形维数以及多重分形谱,并提取多重分形参数奇异性强度α、分布稠密度f(a),结果显示孔隙结构类型不同,盒维数尤其是多重分形参数值差异明显,孔隙结构好,其a、f(a)偏向高值,以此划分孔隙结构类型与压汞、薄片分析结果基本一致;最后,将该方法应用到核磁共振测井剖面上,应用效果较好,表明多重分形是核磁共振T2谱的一种属性,利用核磁测井T2谱多重分形特征及参数能够连续较好地评价低渗透砂岩孔隙结构类型与预测有效储层。