简介:InWTOdisputesettlement,theissueaboutthecharacterizationofnationallawinterpretationisconcernedwithjudicialdeferenceandtheallocationofpowerbetweentheWTOandMemberStates.ThisarticleexaminesWTOtribunals'claimabouttheircharacterizationofnationallawinterpretationandtheirpractice.Ontheonehand,WTOtribunalshaveclaimedtocharacterizenationallawinterpretationasaquestionoflaw;ontheotherhand,theyhaveappliedthesameruleontheburdenofprooffornationallawinterpretationwiththatforotherfactsandprovideddeferencetothelegislatingstatesespeciallyinthecircumstanceswherethereisanysuspicionoruncertaintyaboutthemeaningofnationallaw.Therefore,WTOtribunals'claimaboutthecharacterizationisnotconsistentwiththeirpractice.WTOtribunals'nationallawinterpretation,inessence,isreinterpretationofnationallaw,andshouldbecharacterizedasamixedquestionoflawandfact.
简介:Theadventoftheinterneterabreedsanewconcept,namely,therighttointernetaccess.Manycountriesandinternationalorganizations,aswellasindividuals,areadvocatingorhavealreadyembodieditasabasichumanright,thusenhancingtheissuesofwhetheritshouldbeincorporatedintothemacrosystemofinternationalhumanrights.Byanalyzingthefacts,thisarticlepointsoutthattheinternationalconceptoftherighttointernetaccessshouldbedistinguishedfromitsdomesticconcept,fortherearenolegalsourcesabouttherighttointernetaccessforguidanceaswithsometreatiesinthecurrentinternationallaw,despiteitscloserelationshipwithsomeexistingrightssuchasthefreedomofspeech,pressandassembly,ortherightofequality,ortherighttodevelopment.Andthereisstillalongtimebeforethelegalvalueandrelatedresponsibilitiesaswellastheboundariesabouttherighttointernetaccessbecomesaconsensusintheinternationalsociety.Eventhoughthereisquiteapossibility,thisrighthasn’tbeenembodiedaspartofinternationalhumanrights,andthushasn’tmadealegalconceptininternationalhumanrightlaw.
简介:Inthecrucialperiodofbuildingamoderatelyprosperoussocietyanddeepeningreformandopeningup,andofacceleratingthetransformationofeconomicdevelopment,the18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,whichwasheldinNovember2012,madecomprehensivearrangementsfortheundertakingsofboththePartyandtheState,furtherclarifiedthegoalsandgrandblueprintforfuturedevelopmentinthenextperiod,andleftanimportantandfarreachingimpactonthedevelopment