简介:Chinaispreparingtoestablishanationwidecarbonmarketin2017,andinordertofacilitatethisgoal,sevenpilotcarbonmarketshavebeenunderstudyforthepastfewyears.ThispapersummarizestheoperationexperienceandchallengesofthesevenpilotcarbonmarketsinChina.Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthattheessenceofacarbonmarketistosolveenvironmentalproblemsthroughmarketmechanisms,withenvironmentalbenefitbeingthefundamentalpurpose,marketmechanismbeingthekeymeasure,andpoliciesandregulationsbeinganimportantguaranteeforanorderlycarbonmarket.Therefore,thispaperconstructsanevaluationindexsystemcomposedof34detailedsub-indexesinthreedimensions,suchasenvironmentalconstraintforce,marketresourceallocationability,andsupportingpoliciesandfacilitycompleteness.Throughanalyzingtheoperationdatafrom2013to2016,theweightsofthesub-indexesareobtained.Inaddition,thestudyobtainsexperts’opinionsfromover10carbonpermitsexchanges,consultancyfirmsandresearchinstitutionsinChina,andconductsacomprehensiveevaluationonthedevelopmentdegreeofthesevenpilotcarbonmarkets.ResultsshowthatthepilotcarbonmarketsthatincludeprivateSMEsasthecoveredentitiesforemissionscontrolpresentrelativelyhigherenvironmentalconstraintforce.Buttoomanycoveredentitiescouldincreasethedifficultyofmarketperformancemanagement,whilethepilotsthatincludehighenergy-consumingstate-ownedenterprisesastheentitiesforemissionscontroldemonstrateaphenomenonof'highmarketcomplianceratewithlowtradingvolume'.TheresourceallocationcapabilityofChina’scarbonmarkethasnotbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay,andlowdegreeofmarketparticipationhasbecomeanimportantconstraintfactorformarketdevelopment.Duetothelackoflawsandregulationsatthenationalmacro-level,thelegallybindingforceofthepilotmarketsconstructionisobviouslyinsufficient,andthesupportingpoliciesare
简介:Sustainableuseofnaturalresourcesandsustainabledevelopmentareconceptsthataregainingmomentumgloballyintheadventofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.ThethresholdfortheentryinforceoftheParisAgreementonClimateChangewasachievedexactly5daysaftertheunveilingofBotswana’sVision2036document.Thisdevelopmentframeworkenvisagessustainableeconomicdevelopmentandclimatechangeadaptation.ThisarticleusesexploratoryresearchmethodologyofsystematicdocumentanalysistoanalyzetheseprinciplesinthecontextofBotswana.Itinvestigatesgovernment’sintentionsinachievingthethirdpillarofthenationalvision.Botswanahasdeclareditsintensionstoreducecarbonemissionsby15%by2030throughtheintendednationallydeterminedcontributions.Whilethecountry’sambitionsarelargelyforward-lookingandalignedwiththoseoftheParisAgreement,theeconomicdiversificationplansofBotswanathreatentopotentiallycontributesignificantlytotheemissionofgreenhousegases.Thearticleappliessustainabilityand/orsustainabledevelopmenttheoryinexaminingtherelationshipbetweentheParisAgreementandBotswana’svision.Itconcludesthatthereislinkbetweenthetwodocuments,bothofwhichareanchoredofthedevelopmentwhichisenvironmentallysustainable.Itfurtherconcludesthatdevelopingnationsshouldmakeinternationalcommitmentswhicharealignedtotheirdevelopmentalplans.
简介:Animprovedenergydemandforecastingmodelisbuiltbasedontheautoregressivedistributedlag(ARDL)boundstestingapproachandanadaptivegeneticalgorithm(AGA)toobtaincredibleenergydemandforecastingresults.TheARDLboundsanalysisisfirstemployedtoselecttheappropriateinputvariablesoftheenergydemandmodel.Aftertheexistenceofacointegrationrelationshipinthemodelisconfirmed,theAGAisthenemployedtooptimizethecoefficientsofbothlinearandquadraticformswithgrossdomesticproduct,economicstructure,urbanization,andtechnologicalprogressastheinputvariables.Onthebasisofhistoricalannualdatafrom1985to2015,thesimulationresultsindicatethattheproposedmodelhasgreateraccuracyandreliabilitythanconventionaloptimizationmethods.ThepredictedresultsoftheproposedmodelalsodemonstratethatChinawilldemandapproximately4.9,5.6,and6.1billionstandardtonsofcoalequivalentin2020,2025,and2030,respectively.
简介:Inordertomakefurtherstepsindealingwithclimatechange,Chinaproposedtopeakcarbondioxideemissionsbyabout2030andtomakebesteffortsforthepeakingearly.Thecarbonemissionpeaktarget(CEPT)mustresultinaforcingmechanismonChina’seconomictransition.Thispaper,byfollowingthelogicalorderfrom'researchoncarbonemissionhistory'to'carbonemissiontrendprediction,'from'researchonpathsofrealizingpeak'to'peakrestraintresearch,'providesageneralreviewofcurrentstatusanddevelopmenttrendofresearchesonChina’scarbonemissionanditspeakvalue.Furthermore,thispaperalsoreviewsthebasictheoriesandspecificcasesoftheforcingmechanism.Basedontheexistingachievementsanddevelopmenttrendsinthisfield,thefollowingresearchdirectionsthatcanbefurtherexpandedareputforward.First,fromtheperspectiveoflong-termstrategyofsustainabledevelopment,weshouldanalyzeandconstructtheforcingmechanismofCEPTinareversethinkingway.Second,economictransitionpathsundertheforcingmechanismshouldbesystematicallystudied.Third,byconstructingalarge-scalepolicyevaluationmodel,theemissionreductionperformanceandeconomicimpactofaseriesofpolicymeasuresadoptedduringthetransitionprocessshouldbequantitativelyevaluated.
简介:TheimpactofenvironmentalregulationontechnologyinnovationisahotspotincurrentresearchwherealargenumberofempiricalstudiesarebasedonPorterHypothesis(PH).However,therearestillcontroversiesinacademiaabouttheestablishmentof'weak'and'narrow'versionsofPH.Basedonthepaneldataofapplicationforpatentofenergyconservationandemissionreduction(ECER)technologyofChinesecityscaleduring2008-2014,comprehensiveenergyprice,pollutantemission,etc.,mixedregressionmodelandsystematicgeneralizedmethodofmomentsmethodwereadopted,respectively,tostudytheimpactofmarket-orientedandcommand-and-controlpolicytoolonChina’sECERtechnologyinnovation.Theresultsshowthattheenvironmentalregulationhinderedthetechnologicalinnovationintheimmediatephase;however,itturnedouttobepositiveinthefirst-lagphase.Hence,theestablishmentof“weak”PHistime-bounded.Thecommand-and-controlpolicytoolplayedamorepositiveroleinpromotingtechnologicalinnovationinthefirst-lagphasethanmarket-orientedpolicytool.Therefore,'narrow'PHisnottenable.ThereasonisthatthemainparticipantsofChina’sECERtechnologyinnovationarestate-ownedcompaniesandpublicinstitutions.Regionallyspeaking,theimpactwhichcommand-and-controlpolicytoolhasontechnologicalinnovationatsightwasnonsignificantintheeastern,thecentral,andthewesternregionsofChinawhilstmarket-orientedpolicytoolhadanegativeeffect.Andmarket-orientedpolicytoolinthecentralregionhadstrongestnegativeeffect,whichwoulddiminishintheeasternregionandbecomeweakestinthewesternregion.Thiswasrelatedtoregionalenergyconsumptionlevelandthemarketeconomicvitality.
简介:双酚S(BPS)和双酚F(BPF)作为双酚A(BPA)的替代品在工业中被广泛使用。近年来BPS和BPF在水环境中不断检出,因其难降解、易蓄积,可能会对水生态系统和人体健康造成不利影响。因此对BPS和BPF在水、沉积物等水环境介质中污染状况进行综述,发现BPS和BPF的含量有日益升高的趋势,甚至在某些水体中的浓度超过BPA。然后,从急性毒性、内分泌干扰效应、发育毒性等3个方面,阐述了它们对水生生物产生的毒理效应。并且基于水环境介质中的检出浓度和实验室毒理数据,对水体和沉积物中BPS和BPF的生态风险进行评估,发现沉积物中的风险要高于水体。最后对目前研究局限以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。