简介：真菌经常被用来在Aquilaria树上导致agarwood。这研究被进行在年轻Aquilariamalaccensis随着时间的过去在agarwood形成上评估几真菌的效果(打)树。在长度和产生褪色的轻紧张的典型变化在三和六月时期追随者接种以后被观察。伍德样品是观察用显微镜并且分类进几个轻紧张组。褪色长度是测量的纵。在接种以后的持续时间影响了褪色长度的平均数：当时，6月的旧样品(1.70厘米)有一个更宽的褪色地区与3月的旧样品(1.17厘米)相比。当测量褪色紧张时，与时间的一种积极关系被察觉。数字图象，使用一台装备照相机的显微镜捕获，表明在六个月以后收集的木头样品显得是1.8-times比在三个月以后黑暗。我们结束了那时间，不是任何测试真菌的种类，褪色长度和紧张上的有的重要效果。6月的旧样品的煤气的层析/团spectrometry(GCMS)分析产出象benzylacetone，anisylacetone，guaiene和palustrol那样的一些重要agarwood混合物。这证明测试真菌有能力在托儿所A导致agarwood形成。malaccensis树。

简介：Background:Bioenergyisre-shapingopportunitiesandimperativesofforestmanagement.Thisstudydemonstrates,throughacasestudyinScotspine(PinussylvestrisL.),howforestbioenergypoliciesaffectstandmanagementstrategies.Methods:Optimizationstudieswereexaminedfor15Scotspinestandsofdifferentinitialstanddensities,sitetypes,andtemperaturesumregionsinFinland.StanddevelopmentwasmodeledusingthePipeQualstandsimulatorcoupledwiththesimulation-optimizationtoolOptiForBioenergytoassessthreeforestbioenergypoliciesonenergywoodharvestfromearlythinnings.Results:Theoptimalsolutionsmaximizingbarelandvalueindicatethatconventionalforestmanagementregimesremainoptimalforsparsestands.Energyharvestsoccurredonlywhenprofitable,ledtolowerfinancialreturns.Aforestbioenergypolicywhichincludedcompulsoryenergywoodharvestingwasoptimalfordenserstands.Atahigherinterestrate(4%),increasingenergywoodpricepostponedenergywoodharvesting.Inaddition,ourresultsshowthatearlythinningsomewhatreducedwoodqualityforstandsinfertilesites.Forlessfertilesites,thechangeswereinsignificant.Conclusions:Aconstraintofprofitableenergywoodharvestisnotrational.Itisoptimaltocarryoutthefirstthinningwithaflexibleforestbioenergypolicydependingonstanddensity.

简介：Thecircumborealforestencompassesdiverselandscapestructures,dynamicsandforestagedistributionsdeterminedbytheirphysicalsetting,andhistoricalandcurrentdisturbanceregimes.However,duetointensifyingforestutilisation,andincertainareasduetoincreasingnaturaldisturbances,borealforestage-classstructureshavechangedrapidly,sothattheproportionofoldforesthassubstantiallydeclined,whilethatofyoungpost-harvestandpost-natural-disturbanceforestproportionshaveincreased.Inthefuture,withawarmingclimateincertainborealregions,thistrendmayfurtherbeenhancedduetoanincreaseinnaturaldisturbancesandlarge-scaleuseofforestbiomasstoreplacefossil-basedfuelsandproducts.Themajordriversofchangeofforestageclassdistributionsandstructuresincludetheuseofclearcutshortrotationharvesting,morefrequentandseverenaturaldisturbancesduetoclimatewarmingincertainregions.Thedeclineinoldforestarea,andincreaseinmanagedyoungforestlackingnaturalpost-disturbancestructurallegacies,representamajortransformationintheecologicalconditionsoftheborealforestbeyondhistoricallimitsofvariability.Thismayintroduceathreattobiodiversity,ecosystemresilienceandlong-termadaptivecapacityoftheforestecosystem.Tosafeguardborealforestbiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning,andtomaintainthemultipleservicesprovidedtosocietiesbythisforestbiome,itispivotaltomaintainanadequateshareandtheecologicalqualitiesofyoungpost?disturbancestages,alongwithmatureforeststageswithold-growthcharacteristics.Thisrequiresmanagementfornaturalpost-disturbancelegacystructures,andinnovativeuseofdiverseuneven-agedandcontinuouscovermanagementapproachestomaintaincriticallate-successionalforeststructuresinlandscapes.

简介：ImpactsongrowthofyoungtreesofPinusKoraiensisof6environmentalfactorsofintensityofsunlight,directsunlight,thicknessofsoilhumus,neighboringtrees,uppercanopyspecies,herbsandshrubswereinvestigatedonyoungtreeofPinusKoraiensisand4neighboringtreeswhichareconsideredthestructuralunitofthemicroenvironment.Resultsindicatedthatthe6environmentalfactorsunderinvestigationhadeffects,tovariousextents,ongrowthoftheyoungtrees.Basedonthefindings,suitablegrowingconditionsforregeneratedyoungtreeofPinusKoraiensisunderforestwereidentifiedandcorrespondingsilviculturalmeasureswereproposedforoperationalpractice.

简介：为了在不同发育阶段调查织物transglutaminase活动，叶子和米饭的年轻圆锥花序的变化，从Honglian-typecytoplasmic不育系，YuetaiA和它的维护者线被切除，YuetaiB分别地。为在米饭的织物transglutaminase活动察觉的一个ELISAmeasurement协议很好被建立。结果显示织物transglutaminase活动被钙阳离子，和织物transglutaminase活动在衰老的叶子断然调整在年轻叶子比那显著地高。没有不同差别在YuetaiA和YuetaiB之间被注意。而且，从四个起核心作用到双性人织物transglutaminase活动逐渐地增加了的阶段年轻圆锥花序发展并且直到在双性人的最大值的withtheprogression起核心作用在YuetaiA.However的舞台，没有类似的变化在YuetaiB被观察。这显示tissuetransglutaminase涉及房间在败育花粉的规划死亡。

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