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简介：ByZouHengfangI.TheSignificanceofParticipatoryMcthodoloZicsForestrydevelopmentdependsonthemotivationoftheruralpopulationastheyarethekeytoachievingforestryobjectives.Forestryencompassesdualeffects.Itcan’green’andbeautifytheenvironmentthroughitsecologicaleffectandyieldtimberalldnonwoodforestproductsthl

简介：Background:Weexplorethefactorsaffectingtheoptimalplotdesign(sizeandtypeaswellasthesubsampletreeselectionstrategieswithinaplot)andtheirrelativeimportanceindefiningtheoptimalplotdesigninamultipurposeforestinventory.Thefactorsincludetimeusedtolayouttheplotandtomakethetreemeasurementswithintheplot,thebetween-plotvariationofeachofthevariablesofinterestinthearea,andthemeasurementandmodelerrorsforthedifferentvariables.Methods:WesimulatedifferentplottypesandsizesandsubsampletreeselectionstrategiesonmeasuredtestareasfromNorthLapland.Theplottypesusedarefixed-radius,concentricandrelascopeplots.Weselecttheoptimaltypeandsizefirstatplotlevelusingacost-plus-lossapproachandthenatclusterlevelbyminimizingtheweightedstandarderrorwithfixedbudget.Results:Asrelascopeplotsareveryefficientattheplotlevelforvolumeandbasalarea,andfixed-radiusplotsforstemsperha,theoptimalplottypestronglydependsontherelativeimportanceofthesevariables.Theconcentricplotseemstobeagoodcompromisebetweenthesetwoinmanycases.Thesubsampletreeselectionstrategywasmoreimportantinselectingoptimalplotthanmanyotherfactors.Inclusterlevel,themostimportantfactoristhetransfertimebetweenplots.Conclusions:Whiletheoptimalradiusofplotsandotherparametersweresensitivetothemeasurementtimesandothercostfactors,theconcentricplottypewasoptimalinalmostallstudiedcases.Subsampletreemeasurementstrategiesneedfurtherstudies,astheywereanimportantcostfactor.However,theirimportancetotheprecisionwasnotasclear.

简介：Researchesonwoodnanocomposites,whichinvolvenanoscienceandtechnology,woodscience,materialsscienceandotherrelatedsubjects,haveimportantsciencesignificationandpromisingprospectforthedevelopmentandstudyofnewwoodcompositeswithhighappendingvaluesandmulti-properties.Thispaperreviewedtheconventionalwoodcomposites,andthendiscussedtheapproachestopreparewoodnanocomposites.Basedontheachievementsofresearchesonpolymer/montmorillonite(MMT)nanocomposites,thedesignideasofpreparingnanocompositesofwoodandinorganicMMTweresystematicallyputforward.Nanocompoundingofwoodandothermaterialsisaneffectiveapproachtogreatlyimproveormodifywood.

简介：Amongthefourskillsofllstening,speaking,readingandmentasquicklyasPOssible,theactualsconngdtbetesthaswnting,theskillofspeakingmaybe

简介：Soilswerecollectedfrom2-year(2-y)and3-year(3-y)oldred-pineseedlingplotsintwotreenurseries,HaywardinthenorthandWilsoninthesouthwesternpartofWisconsinStaterespectively,andequilibratedwith0.01MCa(NO3)2)forsoilsolutionZnandMn(solu-ZnandMn),andwith0.01MCa(NO3)2+0.005MEDTAforsoilabsorbedZnandMn(ad-ZnandMn).BufferingcapacityofsoilZnandMn(b-ZnandMn)wasobtainedfromtheratioofad-ZnandMntothesolu-ZnandMn.Theconcernedtracesinpineseedlingneedles(ndls),stems(sts)androots(rts)weresimultaneouslymeasured.Theresultsobtainedshowthat:About60%ofsolu-andad-Znrangedfrom0.2to0.4andfrom1to2μg/gsoilrespectively.About70%ofb-Znwaswithin3-10.Thehighestcontentofsolu-Zncomparedwiththelowestshowedadiscrepanceofmorethan10-fold.ThetwoformsofsoilZnwerecommonlyhigherinWilsonthaninHaywarkNursery.About80%ofsolu-,ad-andb-Mnwerewithin3-10,5-5.8μg/gsoiland1-2respectively.Influenceoflowbufferingcapacityonsolu-ZnandMnwasabout20timesstrongerthanthatofthehigh.TheE-value,aratioofaccumulatedZnandMninneedlestothoseinthesoilsolution,isprovedtobe:E-Zn>E-Mn;E-sts>E-ndlsorE-rts;andE-2y>E-3y.Curvilinearand/orlinearcorrelationsbetweensoilsolu-,ad-andb-ZnandMnandndls-,sts-,rts-ZnandMnwereatverysignificantorsignificantlevels.Forpredictingndls-ZnandMn,tworealizableandsimplemodelsfromtworegressionequationswereestablishedthroughtheselectionofrelatedparametersanddependentvariables.BinaryregressionanalysisbasicallyeliminatedtheinfluenceofsoilpHonthepredictionofZnandMninneedles.SoilpHwasthusthoughttobeexcludedfromthemodel.

简介：Alongwiththedevelopmentofcomputertechniques,theapplicationofcomputerinthree-dimensionalvisualizationsimulationofplantgrowthprocesshasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattention.TakingCunninghamialanceolataasanexample,themorphologicalparametersfromtheperspectiveofthevisualsimulationweredesignedandthetrees’morphologicalcharacteristicswereanalyzedbasedonthesurveydata.CombinedwithIFS(IteratedFunctionSystem)underthecontrolofthegrowthcurve,byusingObject-orienteddesignmethods,andaccordingtoAPIandmodelrenderingtechnologyprovidedbyDIRECTX9.0,athree-dimensionalvisualizationsystemonthegrowthanddevelopmentofC.lanceolataindividualtreeweredevelopedonthe.NETandDIRECTX9.0platforms,whichrealizedthestaticanddynamicthree-dimensionalvisualizationsimulation.

简介：一个直角的图案被用来作为模板优化SSR-PCR扩大系统usingPanax人参genomicDNA。五个因素(DNA模板，TaqDNApolymerase，Mg~(2+)，教材，和dNTP)和退火的温度的四个层次在thissystem独立被测试了。结果证明反应效率被这些因素影响。放大aginsengSSR地点的基于的在结果，一个马厩，生产、可再现的PCR系统和骑车的节目被获得：包含1.0UTaqDNA聚合酶的20μL系统，2.0mmol·L~(-1)Mg~(2+),0.2mmol·L~(-1)dNTPs，0.3μmol·L~(-1)SSR教材，60ng·μL~(-1)DNA模板，用94的一个程序表现了为5的℃min，为30s的94℃，为30s在56.3℃退火，为1min的72℃，37个周期，为7min在72℃完成，并且在4℃存储。

简介：TheplantationoccupiesgreatproportioninurbanforestinmanycitiesinChina.Thedesignandmanagementforurbanforestsupplementseachother.Thedesigndecidestheorientationofmanagement,whilethemanagementalsoaffectsthelandscapeeffectsandecologicalbenefitsofthedesigninreverse.Therearemanyissuesondesignandmanagementofurbanforest.Forexample,somedesignsonlyemphasizethevisualimpressionwhileignoringtheecologicalbenefits,theproblemsofsimplifyingtheforestlayerstructureandpurifyingitsspeciescompositionareubiquitous,Itisshortofcomprehensiveanalysisoflocalenvironmentconditions,thephenomenaareveryoutstandinginlearningforeignorothercity'smodelbycopyingmechanically.Themanagementmodelisnotonlymonotonous,butalsobehindthestepofurbandevelopmentandthehumandemandforreturningtonature.Theseunreasonabledesignsandmanagementsareoneofthemainreasonsforlowerecologicalbenefits,andalsocausedsomeotherbadaftereffects,suchaslowerbiodiversityandhighcostofmanagement,etc.Sothethoughtofclose-to-naturedesignandmanagementinurbanforestisproposedanditsfeasibilityandmethodsarediscussedinthepaper.

简介：Themodernizationandinformatizationmanagementofancientandfamoustrees’managementisanimportantstandardwithwhichthemunicipalpublicresourcemanagementlevelofaregionorcitycanbemeasured.Designanddevelopmentofancientandfamoustrees’three-dimensionalmanagementinformationsystemwasrealizedbasedonvirtualplantbyusingintegratedtechniquesofvirtualplantsandGeographicInformationSystem.Thesystemarchitecturedesignwasdevelopedonthebasisoffunctionalrequirements,andthepracticalsystemwasachievedinVisualStudio2008developmenttoolsandOpenGLgraphicsstandards.Thesystemhasfunctionofancienttreesarchivesmanagement,three-dimensionalreconstructionofthetreessurroundingenvironment,individualtreeinformationinquiryinthree-dimensionalscene,etc.Applicationanddisseminationofthissystemwillgreatlypromotethemanagementandprotectionofancientandfamoustreesstandardization,informalizationandvisualization

简介：Background:Mostcurrentapproachesinforestscienceandpracticerequireinformationaboutstructureandgrowthofindividualtreesratherthan-orinadditionto-sumandmeanvaluesofgrowthandyieldatforeststandlevelasprovidedbyclassicexperimentaldesigns.Byinventingthewheeldesign,Nelderprovidedthepossibilitytoturntotheindividualtreeasbasicinformationunit.Suchtrialsprovidevaluableinsightsintothedependencyofgrowthonstanddensityatparticularsites.Methods:Here,wepresentanextensionoftheoriginaldesignandevaluationbyNelder.(i)WeestablishedNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientthroughEuropeinatlanticclimateinBelgiumandGermany,MediterraneanclimateinItaly,continentalclimateinHungaryaswellasonhighlandclimateinMexico.SuchdisjunctNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientcanberegardedandanalysedasatwo-factordesignwiththefactorsofsiteconditionandstanddensity.(ii)WepresentanadvancedstatisticalapproachtoevaluatedensitydependentgrowthdynamicsoftreesplantedinformoftheNelderdesign,whichconsidersspatio-temporalautocorrelation.(iii)Weprovetheusefulnessofthemethodsinimprovingecologicaltheoryconcerningdensityrelatedproductivity,trade-offsbetweenfacilitationandcompetition,andallometricrelationsbetweensizevariables.Results:FirstevaluationsbasedonremeasuredNelderwheelsinoak(QuercusroburL.)showasizegrowthdifferentiationduringthefirstobservationperiod.Inparticular,heightgrowthisacceleratedunderhighercompetitionindicatingfacilitationeffects.Wedetectfurthermoreahighvariabilityinallometricrelations.Conclusions:Theproposeddesign,methods,andresultsarediscussedregardingtheirimpactonforestpractice,modelbuilding,andecologicaltheory.WeconcludethattheextendedNelderapproachishighlyefficientinprovidingcurrentlylackingindividualtreelevelinformation.