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简介：印射响应许多ligands和房间刺激涉及大量的细胞的小径和功能的家族asestransduce信号。MAPK的异常或不恰当的功能现在在从癌症到煽动性的疾病到肥胖和糖尿病的疾病被识别了。在许多房间类型，MAPKERK1/2被连接到细胞增殖。因为在地岬和B-Raf的变化，能激活ERK1/2串联，在许多人的肿瘤被发现，ERK1/2被认为在一些癌症起一个作用。发信号的反常ERK1/2也在polycystic肾疾病被发现了，并且象cardio-facio-cutaneous症候群那样的严肃的发展混乱在ERK1/2串联的部件从变化产生。ERK1/2在区分得好的房间是必要的并且在神经原并且在上皮的极性的维护被连接了到长期的potentiation。另外，ERK1/2为在胰腺的贝它房间的胰岛素基因抄写是重要的，它响应传播葡萄糖的增加生产胰岛素在有机体允许有效葡萄糖利用和存储。导致或镇压的营养素和荷尔蒙胰岛素分泌物以在贝它房间上反映能分泌的需求的一种方式激活或禁止ERK1/2。在这和另外的规章的小径的骚乱可以导致对某些人的混乱的病原学的ERK1/2的贡献。

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简介：染色体序列的增加的可获得性和为基因表示介绍和功能的描述的高产量的技术的开发正在转变天生的免疫的学习和昆虫生物学的另外的区域。已经，功能的genomic途径在蚊子免疫反应的描述启用了量进展到疟疾寄生虫感染，并且类似的高产量的功能的genomic另外的向量病原体相互作用学习在不久的将来能被期望。应用程序基于microarray并且另外的表达式分析提供能被用来识别是在暴露之上调整到病原体的各种各样的类的差别的昆虫免疫系统部件的染色体宽的transcriptional侧面，包括人和动物疾病的许多重要etiologic代理人。角色感染应答或通过比较genomic途径识别的另外的候选人免疫者基因当时能是机能上地描绘了，任何一个体内，例如，在使用的成年蚊子，或试管内，房间排队。在人的病原体的大多数昆虫向量，细菌线transgenesis仍然是技术上困难的并且多重转基因的线的维护要求的逻辑联盟者。因而，短暂RNA干扰(RNAi)调停了基因沉默很快为候选人的功能的描述成为了选择的方法天生的有免疫力的基因。用RNAi与试金一起介绍决定基因功能，并且识别规章的小径的transcriptional的强大的联合，和下游的房间决定蛋白质本地化和相互作用的生物途径，将继续提供新奇卓见进昆虫的角色在许多向量病原体相互作用的天生的免疫。这里，我们在昆虫病向量在天生的免疫的功能的基因组学研究考察进展，在过去的十年，与到疟疾感染的疟蚊属蚊子和它的回答的一个特别焦点。

简介：Majoradvanceshavebeenmadeoverthelastdecadeinourunderstandingofthemolecularbasisofseveralcardiacconditions.Hypertrophiccardiomyopathy(HCM)wasthefirstcardiacdisorderinwhichageneticbasiswasidentifiedandassuch,hasactedasaparadigmforthestudyofaninheritedcardiacdisorder.HCMcanresultinclinicalsymptomsrangingfromnosymptomstosevereheartfailureandprematuresuddendeath.HCMisthecommonestcauseofsuddendeathinthoseagedlessthan35years,includingcompetitiveathletes.Atleasttengeneshavenowbeenidentified,defectsinwhichcauseHCM.Allofthesegenesencodeproteinswhichcomprisethebasiccontractileunitoftheheart,i.e.thesarcomere.Whilemuchisnowknownaboutwhichgenescausediseaseandthevariousclinicalpresentations,verylittleisknownabouthowthesegenedefectscausedisease,andwhatfactorsmodifytheexpressionofthemutantgenes.StudiesinbothcellcultureandanimalmodelsofHCMarenowbeginningtoshedlightonthesignallingpathwaysinvolvedinHCM,andtheroleofbothenvironmentalandgeneticmodifyingfactors.Understandingthesemechanismswillultimatelyimproveourknowledgeofthebasicbiologyofheartmusclefunction,andwillthereforeprovidenewavenuesfortreatingcardiovasculardiseaseinman.

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简介：TaijiquanisamartialartofthehighestorderisculturallyetchedintheChineseheritageandentrenchedinwushupulpfictionandkungfumovies.Thereinliestheenigma.Thegentleslow-motionpracticecannotbemoreremotefromthespeedandpowerofcombat.AndaddingtothemystiqueisthepropositionthatTaijiquan'skungfuprowessisnotdrawnfromthephysicalstrengthofthemusculaturebutfromsome"innerstrength"orNeijin.ThissacredbeliefwasdesecratedwhenafighterthrashedaselfproclaimedTaijiquangrandmasterignominiouslyin10secondsinanopenmatch.Taijiquanwasthenderidedasaboguscombatart.TheincidentshakesthefoundationofTaijiquanandputsintoquestionsmanyofitstoutedclaims,whichchallengesthescientificquestoftheart.ThepaperconfrontstheissuedirectlybystudyingthemanifestationofNeijinintheframeworkofsciencetoprovideascientificbasisfortheart.Ittranscribestheyin-yangmetaphysicsthatregulatesTaijiquantrainingintermsofthealignmentofmuscleactionstobalanceandtounifymomentum,whichdevelopsthecorestrengthofNeijinandtheunderlyinglife-forceQienergy.Fromthisflowsthekungfumarvels,whichlieinthelivelinessandagilityofNeijin'sresponseandintheforceensuingthatisoftherightvectorvalues,allessentialinthefluidityofcombatapplication.ThemartialaspectofTaijiquanprovidesaconcreterepresentationofNeijin,whichgivesanexperientialinsightintothemultifacetedconceptofQi,andinturnapathwaytotheexplorationofQiinphysiologyandthusinQienergymedicine.

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简介：ThisisthespecialissuedevotedtobioinformaticsresearchinSingapore.BioinformaticsresearchinSingaporestartedlargelyin1996whentheBioinformaticsCenter,NationalUniversityofSingapore,wasformed.Withthegovernment'seffortstoturnSingaporeintoapowerhouseofbiomedicalresearch,theGenomeInstituteofSingaporeandtheBioinformaticsInstituteofSingaporehavebeenestablishedsince2000.Recently,abioinformaticsresearchcenterwasalsoformedintheNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Currently,therearealargenumberofbioinformaticsresearchteamsineachoftheseinstitutions.

简介：Themodulationandcontrolofgecko'sfootmovementswerestudiedelectrophysiologicallyinordertodesignthemotorcontrolsystemofagecko-mimicrobot.Inthisstudy(1)theanatomyoftheperipheralnervescontrollingthegecko'sfootmovementswasdetermined;(2)therelationshipbetweenthelimbnervesofthegeckoanditsfootmotorpatternswasstudied;(3)theafferentimpulsesofthenervesevokedbyrubbingthegecko'stoesandpalmwererecorded;(4)copyingthenaturalpatternsofmovementofthegecko'sfoot(abduction,adduction,flexion,andrevolution)anditslimbnervemodulationandcontrolmechanism,thenerveswerestimulatedundercomputercontrol,andtheresultsrecordedbyCCD.Resultssuggestthatgecko'sfootmovementscanbesuccessfullycontrolledbyartificialelectricalsignals.

简介：Thesandfishisalizardhavingtheremarkableabilitytomoveindesertsandinaswimming-likefashion.Themostout-standingadaptationstothismodeoflifearethelowfrictionbehaviourandtheextensiveabrasionresistanceofthesandfishskinagainstsand,outperformingevensteel.Weinvestigatedthetopography,thecompositionandthemechanicalpropertiesofsandfishscales.Theseconsistofglycosylatedkeratinswithhighamountofsulphurbutnohardinorganicmaterial,suchassilicatesorlime.Remarkably,atomicforcemicroscopyshowsanalmostcompleteabsenceofattractiveforcesbetweenthescalesurfaceandasilicontip,suggestingthatthisisresponsiblefortheunusualtribologicalproperties.Theunusualglycosylationofthekeratinswasfoundtobeabsolutelynecessaryforthedescribedphenomenon.Thescalesweredissolvedandreconstitutedonapolymersurfaceresultinginpropertiessimilartotheoriginalscale.Thus,weprovideapathwaytowardsexploitationofthereconstitutedscalematerialforfutureengineeringapplications.

简介：斑马薄片(ZC)症候群是到土豆工业的土豆和主要威胁的新兴的疾病。土豆psyllid，Bactericercacockerelli(Sulc)被相信是ZC病原体的向量，它现在是思维是CandidatusLiberibacter，一个细菌。为了推进，理解在土豆psyllid群袭和ZC疾病表示之间的关系，在不同生长阶段(在萌芽以后的4，6和10个星期)的健康土豆植物独立暴露于独立在四solanaceous主人植物上被饲养的土豆psyllids(土豆，西红柿，茄子或钟辣椒)为超过1年。在叶子和健康、大批出没于psyllid的植物的澡盆ers的ZC症状，叶率和全部的非结构的糖类累积被监视并且记录。典型ZC症状在叶子和不管他们在上被扶养的主人植物暴露于土豆psyllids的所有植物的澡盆ers被观察。这被重要减小也在网里伴随光合的率。没有到土豆psyllids(uninfested控制)的暴露的将关入笼中的土豆植物没在叶子并且在收获澡盆ers显示出任何ZC症状。叶子损坏和ZC表示在4个星期与在以后的生长阶段大批出没于的植物相比在萌芽以后暴露于土豆psyllids的土豆植物是很严重的。从大批出没于psyllid的植物有的土豆的Tubers在健康植物比那些减少糖(葡萄糖)和淀粉的底层显著地高级，显示那土豆psyllid群袭在叶子或澡盆ers防碍糖类新陈代谢，导致ZC表示。

简介：China'sFreeARTProgramwasinitiatedin2002asanemergencyresponsetosaveandimprovethelivesofAIDSpatientslivingmainlyinimpoverishedruralregionsofcentralChina.WithlittleexperienceinHIV/AIDStreatmentandcareandresourcelimitations,China'seffortstoprovidewidespreadaccesstofreeantiretroviraltherapyhasbeenaprocessfraughtwithdifficulty.However,theFreeARTProgramisprogressingfromanemergencyresponsetoastandardizedtreatmentandcaresystem.Thedevelopmentofnationalguidelines,trainingprograms,alaboratorysupportnetwork,anationalpatientdatabase,programsforspecialpopulationssuchaschildrenandpatientslivingwithcoinfections,andoperationalresearchhasimprovedthescopeandqualityofthefreetreatmentprogram.AsofJune30,2005,atotalof19,456patientsin28provinces,autonomousregions,andspecialmunicipalitieshadreceivedfreeART.ChallengesstemmingfromthenatureofChina'shealthsystemandpatientpopulationpersist,butwithstronggovernmentsupportandadiversesetofresources,Chinahasthecapacitytoovercomethesechallengesandtoprovidenationwideaccesstohighqualitytreatmentandcare.

简介：Naturalcomposites,formedthroughbiomineralization,havehighlyorderedstructureswhichhavebeenaptlyexploredforfunctionalapplications.Thoughtheroleoforganicphaseshasbeenwellunderstoodinbiomineralization,notenoughattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleofbio-membraneswhichareoftenfoundencapsulatingthechamberinwhichmineralizationoccurs.Wehaveusedthenaturalproteinandsemi-permeablemembraneofchickeneggstogrowdifferentmaterialssuchasceramics,semi-metalsandmetalstounderstandtheroleofbio-membranesinbiomineralization.Weherereportthesuccessfulbiomimeticsynthesisofcalcite,cadmiumsulphide,andsilverhavinghomogeneousmorphologies.Wehavefoundthatthemembraneoperateslikeatunedgateway,playingasignificantroleincontrollingthemorphologyoftheinorganiccrystalsformedduringbiomineralization.

简介：通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904~0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173~0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。

简介：Thecorona-likespikesorpeplomersonthesurfaceofthevirionunderelectronicmicroscopearethemoststrikingfeaturesofcoronaviruses.TheS(spike)proteinisthelargeststructuralprotein,with1,255aminoacids,intheviralgenome.Itsstructurecanbedividedintothreeregions:alongN-terminalregionintheexte-rior,acharacteristictransmembrane(TM)region,andashortC-terminusintheinteriorofavirion.WedetectedfifteensubstitutionsofnucleotidesbycomparisonswiththeseventeenpublishedSARS-CoVgenomesequences,eight(53.3%)ofwhicharenon-synonymousmutationsleadingtoaminoacidalternationswithpredictedphysiochemicalchanges.ThepossibleantigenicdeterminantsoftheSproteinarepredicted,andtheresultisconfirmedbyELISA(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay)withsynthesizedpeptides.AnotherprofoundfindingisthatthreedisulfidebondsaredefinedattheC-terminuswiththeN-terminusoftheE(envelope)pro-tein,basedonthetypicalsequenceandpositions,thusestablishingthestructuralconnectionwiththesetwoimportantstructuralproteins,ifconfirmed.Phyloge-neticanalysisrevealsseveralconservedregionsthatmightbepotentdrugtargets.

简介：氮的氧化物(没有)在neurodegeneration的提升被含有。然而，很少对在之间的关系被知道没有并且在neurodegenerative的神经干细胞(NSC)的自强或区别能力疾病。在这研究，我们调查了效果不，在在一个动物的NSC的自强上，为Niemann精选的模型打C(NPC)疾病。我们发现没有生产显著地从NPC1缺乏的老鼠(NPC1-/-)在NSC被增加，它显示出减少的NSC自强。nestin积极的房间的数字和neurospheres的尺寸显著地两个都被减少。没有synthase(NOS)的表达式在与野类型的neurospheres相比从NPC1-/-鼠标的大脑导出的neurospheres被增加。肝糖synthasekinase-3beta(GSK3beta)和caspase-3的不调停的激活也从NPC1-/-老鼠在NSC被观察。从NPC1-/-老鼠的NSC的自强能力被一个NOS禁止者恢复，L名字，它导致了GSK3beta和caspase-3的抑制。另外，NSC的区别能力部分被恢复并且Fluoro碧玉的数字C积极的堕落神经原被减少。这些数据建议那生产过剩不，在NPC，疾病损害了NSC的自强。没有生产的控制可能为NPC疾病的处理是关键的。