简介:Honeybees(Apismellifera)havehaplodiploidsexdetermination:malesdevelopfromunfertilizedeggsandfemalesdevelopfromfertilizedones.Thedifferencesinlarvalfoodalsodeterminethedevelopmentoffemales.Herewecomparedthetotalsomaticgeneexpressionprofilesof2-dayand4-day-olddrone,queenandworkerlarvaebyRNASeq.Theresultsfromaco-expressionnetworkanalysisonallexpressedgenesshowedthat2-day-olddroneandworkerlarvaewerecloseringeneexpressionprofilesthan2-day-oldqueenlarvae.Thisindicatedthatforyounglarvae(2-day-old)environmentalfactorssuchaslarvaldiethaveagreatereffectongeneexpressionprofilesthanploidyorsexdetermination.Droneshadthemostdistinctgeneexpressionprofilesatthe4-daylarvalstage,suggestingthathaploidy,orsexdramaticallyaffectsthegeneexpressionofhoneybeelarvae.Dronelarvaeshowedfewerdifferencesingeneexpressionprofilesatthe2-dayand4-daytimepointsthantheworkerandqueenlarvalcomparisons(598against1190and1181),suggestingadifferentpatternofgeneexpressionregulationduringthelarvaldevelopmentofhaploidmalescomparedtodiploidfemales.Thisstudyindicatesthatearlyindevelopmentthequeencastehasthemostdistinctgeneexpressionprofile,perhapsreflectingtheveryrapidgrowthandmorphologicalspecializationofthiscastecomparedtoworkersanddrones.Laterindevelopmentthehaploidmaledroneshavethemostdistinctgeneexpressionprofile,perhapsreflectingtheinfluenceofploidyorsexdeterminationongeneexpression.
简介:目的:以角鲨烯、山梨醇、吐温为组分,在琥珀酸缓冲液中混和甲型副伤寒沙门菌鞭毛蛋白制备复合佐剂Nano-fla,评价该佐剂对人二倍体狂犬疫苗的免疫效果和安全性。方法:以人二倍体细胞制备的狂犬灭活疫苗为抗原,BALB/c小鼠设置PBS对照组、全剂量疫苗组、半剂量疫苗组、低剂量佐剂组(含半剂量抗原+5μg鞭毛蛋白)、中等剂量佐剂组(含半剂量抗原+10μg鞭毛蛋白),免疫程序为在0、3、7d肌肉注射,并在首针免疫后的第7、14d尾静脉采血分离血清,通过快速免疫荧光灶抑制实验检测中和抗体,通过酶联免疫斑点实验检测细胞因子水平。结果:首针免疫后第7d,中等剂量佐剂组的中和抗体达保护效力水平,显著高于全剂量疫苗组和低剂量佐剂组;第14d时中等剂量佐剂组的IgG抗体浓度显著高于全剂量疫苗对照组;第14d中等剂量佐剂组与全剂量疫苗组相比,分泌IFN-γ和IL-4的淋巴细胞数量显著增加。结论:复合佐剂Nano-fla应用到狂犬疫苗中,能有效刺激小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,更早地产生中和抗体,且能有效降低抗原用量,具有潜在应用价值。