简介:Highlydiversifiedcolorationsamongspringtails(Collembola)havebeenwidelyusedforspeciesdiagnosis,buttheirphylogeneticsignificanceispoorlyknown.WeaddressedthisissueinthelargestEntomobryinaegenusEntomobrya,whichpossessesvariablecolorpatternsamongspecies.Therelationshipswithinthegenusandtoothergenerahavealsorarelybeenstudied.BasedonmaterialmainlyfromChina,wehaveconductedamultilocusphylogenyandtopologytestswithlikelihoodandBayesianalgorithms,andaccordinglydemonstratedthenon-monophylyofChineseEntomobrya.Thedivisionoffiveclades,includingEntomobryaandseveralrelatedgenera,coincidedwellwithfivetypesofcolorations,respectively.FurtheranalysesofdivergencetimeandhistoricalbiogeographyrevealedthatChineseEntomobryaoriginatedmainlyfromPalearctic(northernandwestern)ChinainthePaleoceneandEocene.Thisstudyhighlightsthegreatphylo?geneticvaluesaswellastaxonomicusesofcolorationinChineseEntomobrya.MultiplephylogeneticandbiogeographicoriginsofEntomobryaimplyitscomplicatedrelationshipswithbothscaledandunsealedgeneraofEntomobryinae.
简介:类蚜虫属Linnaeus的发展史,1 758首先从在美国的中西部收集的标本被造。一个数据矩阵与有翼、无翅的胎生的女性的各自的字符国家与68种类和41个词法字符被构造。用UPGMA(有算术平均数的未加权的对组方法)执行的分析的Dendrogram拓扑学,最大的吝啬和细胞色素Oxidase的贝叶斯的分析我,延伸因素1-α并且主要endosymbiontBuchneraaphidicola16S序列不适合。贝叶斯的分析强烈支持了种系发生的树的大多数终端节点。发展史被COI的EF1-α和EF1-α强烈支持分子的数据与词法人物结合了。它没被COI或Buchneraaphidicola16S的单个分析支持。从贝叶斯的发展史的结果给4个主要种类组看:asclepiadis,fabae,gossypii,和middletonii。结果地方蚜虫属和类ProtaphisBörner的种类,1952,ToxopteraKoch,1856并且XerobionNevsky,1928在monophyleticclade。词法人物也monophyly支持这。发展史证明北美的middletonii种类组的monophyleticclade属于类Protaphis:P。debilicornis(吉勒特与帕尔默,1929),梳子。nov,P。echinaceae(拉各斯和Voegtlin,2009),梳子。nov,和P。middletonii(托马斯,1879)。类Toxoptera应该被认为蚜虫属的亚属(stat。nov)。分析也显示当前的类IowanaFrison,1954应该被认为蚜虫属的亚属(stat。nov)。
简介:Nineshorttandemrepeat(STR)markersontheXchromosome(DXS101,DXS6789,DXS6799,DXS6804,DXS7132,DXS7133,DXS7423,DXS8378,andHPRTB)wereanalyzedinfourpopulationgroups(Mongol,Ewenki,Oroqen,andDaur)fromInnerMongolia,China,inordertolearnaboutthegeneticdiversity,forensicsuitability,andpossiblegeneticaffinitiesofthepopulations.Frequencyestimates,Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium,andotherparametersofforensicinterestwerecomputed.Theresultsrevealedthattheninemarkershaveamoderatede-greeofvariabilityinthepopulationgroups.Mostheterozygosityvaluesfortheninelocirangefrom0.480to0.891,andthereareevidentdifferencesofgeneticvariabilityamongthepopulations.AUPGMAtreeconstructedonthebasisofthegenerateddatashowsverylowgeneticdistancebetweentMongolandHan(Xi’an)populations.Ourresultsbasedongeneticdistanceanalysisareconsistentwiththeresultsofearlierstudiesbasedonlinguisticsandtheimmigrationhistoryandoriginofthesepopulations.TheminisatellitelociontheXchromosomestudiedherearenotonlyusefulinshowingsignificantgeneticvariationbetweenthepop-ulations,butalsoaresuitableforhumanidentitytestingamongInnerMongolianpopulations.