简介:Constructionprojectschedulingisoneofthemostcriticalfactorsforprojectsuccessmeasurement.Notonlyfortheprojectplanningbutforconstructionprocessmanagement,theschedulingisthebasictoolforcommunicationbetweentheownerandtheprojectmanager.Bydevelopingtheschedulebeforetheprojectstarts,theownerknowsinadvancethattheexpectedtimelineoftheproject.Bypreparingconstructionprocessscheduling,theownerandgeneralcontractorcanbettermanagethesubcontractors,sub-tradesprogress,materialsstorageanddeliveries,laborsscheduleandequipmentsetupwhichwilleventuallysavetime,moneyandhassle.Basically,CriticalPathMethod(CPM)iscommonlyusedintheconstructionindustry.CPMisadeterministicmethodthatassumesthatthroughthenetwork,thereisatleastonepaththatdeterminestheprojectdurationandthatthepathisthecriticalpath.CPMdoesnotconsidertheuncertaintyintheactivities;ratheritassumesthateachactivitycanbefinishedinthegivensituation.ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique(PERT)isastochastictechniquewhichisbasedontheassumptionthatthedurationofasingleactivitycanbedescribedbyaprobabilitydensityfunction.PERTtakesintoaccounttheuncertaintyduringtheconstructionprocessandhasbeencreatedoutoftheneedtoplan,scheduleandcontrolcomplexprojectswithmanyuncertainties.ThePERTapproachisstatedinsomebooksandpapers,butthereisnodeepinvestigationontheapplicationinthescheduleriskassessment.ThispaperinvestigatesthePERTworkprocessandtakesavaluabletryontheconstructionscheduleriskassessmentbyusingcasestudies.Theutilizationintheestimatetheconstructionliquidateddamagewiththeuncertaintiesisperformed,whichalsocanbeusedintheinsurancecompanytocalculatetheinsurancepremium.
简介:Basedonthestakeholdersmanagementtheory,thispaperprovidesanewstrategicmanagementmethodfortheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy.BytakingChina'sNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyManagementasanexample,thispaperidentifiesallthestakeholdersinvolvedandthenassessesstakeholdersfromtwodimensions,namely'Importance'and'Attitude',bywhichallofthestakeholdersaredividedintosixcategories.Onthisbasis,furtheranalysisismadetoworkoutstrategicmanagementprogrammebyschedulingthestrategicemphases,stepsandmanagementcountermeasuresfordifferenttypesofstakeholderssoastoprovidetheorticalevidenceforthepracticeofNationalSustainableDevelopnentStrategymanagement.
简介:Accordingtothestructure-basedforestmanagementtheory,theappraisalindicessystemofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencywasestablishedfromspatialutilization,speciesdiversity,constructivespeciescompetitionandtreecomposition,whichcouldbeusedtodepictstandstatus,anditsmetewandwasgiven.RelativeweightwasendowedbyTheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP),andthentheconceptionofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasputforwardforthefirsttimeandappliedtofourdifferentsamplingplotsofnaturalforest,threeofthemfromDongdapoforestregion,Jiaohe,Jilinprovince,andonefromBaihuaforestarea,Xiaolongshan,Gansuprovince,China.Theresultsareasfollowing:thestandstatuswasobviouslyimprovedafterbeingmanagedandplotA,Bgotamarkof"medium"whileCandDwere"perfect".Fromhightolow,thearrangementofforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasC>D>A>B.Thisappraisalresultabidedbythephenomenondetectedinthepracticalfield.Theforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexbroughtupinthispapercouldbetakenasawayofcomprehensivequantitativechangeofstandstatewhichdirectlyreflectstheeffortofforestmanagementandaffordsscientificbasisofnaturalforestmanagementeffort.
简介:Globalwarmingisoneofthehottestenvironmentproblems.OneofthereasonsisthesharpincreaseofCO2inatmosphere.Soilrespirationinforestecosystemsaccountsto60%-90%oftotalecosystemrespirationandisthereforeoneofthekeycomponentsoftheglobalCcycle.Thispapersummarizeddifferentresponsesofsoilrespirationtoforestmanagementmeasures,anddescribedtherelevantresearchesathomeandabroadontheeffectofmanagementmeasureslikeharvesting,forestfertilization,soilimproving(Liming),litterremoval,andprescribedburningonsoilrespiration.