简介：Children(5-12years)andadolescents(13-19years)withDownsyndrome(DS)possessasetofhealth,anatomical,physiological,cognitive,andpsycho-socialattributespredisposingthemtolimitationsontheirphysicalfitnessandphysicalactivity(PA)capacities.Thepaucityofstudiesandtheirconflictingfindingspreventaclearunderstandingand/orsubstantiationoftheselimitations.Thepurposeofthisarticlewastoreviewthemeasurement,determinantsandpromotionofphysicalfitnessandPAforyouth(i.e.,childrenandadolescents)withDS.TheexistingbodyofresearchindicatesthatyouthwithDS:1)havelowcardiovascularandmuscularfitness/exercisecapacity;2)demonstrateagreaterprevalenceofoverweightandobesity;3)alargeproportiondonotmeettherecommendedamountofdailyaerobicactivity;and4)theirPAlikelydeclinesthroughchildhoodandintoadolescence.Futureresearchshouldfocuson:1)strengthtestingandtrainingprotocols;2)methodologiestodeterminePAlevels;and3)practicalinterventionstoincreasePA.

简介：在在一样的种类的分开的人口之中的重金属忍耐的差别经常作为本地改编被解释了。在移开stressor以后的差别的坚持显示为增加的忍耐负责的机制是遗传上坚定的。果蝇subobscuraCollin(双翅目：Drosophilidae)人口与重金属污染的不同历史从二个地区被取样，并且与铅(Pb)的不同集中在标准媒介上并且在媒介上在实验室为八代高耸了。为了决定从不同自然人口的苍蝇是否在实验室暴露了到污染Pb的媒介，显示人口在在代上的健康部件的特定的可变性，有铅的不同集中的试验性的组为肥沃，发展时间，和egg-to-adult生存能力是在三代(F2，F5，和F8)的assayed。在污染媒介上，肥沃在以后的代被减少，生存能力被增加，不管人口的环境起源。为两张人口，发展时间显示出与铅一起在媒介上慢下来的一个趋势。更快的开发在以后的代被观察。到到在所有的成年开发的污染，意味着的更高的肥沃，更高的生存能力，和更快的鸡蛋的Preadaptation学习了代，在D被发现。与重金属污染的高水平从地区发源的subobscura。

简介：Diabetesisaleadingchronicdiseaseofchildhoodandadolescence.Inadditiontothewell-knownauto-immune,insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus(type1diabetes(T1D)),thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedtheemergenceoftype2diabetes(T2D)inchildrenandadolescents,whichpreviouslywasonlyseeninmiddle-agedorolderadults.Oneofthekeycomponentsofdiabetesmanagementisphysicalactivity(PA).ThebeneficialeffectsofincreasedPAanddecreasedsedentarybehaviorareextremelyimportantinyouthwithdiabetesbecauseofthemarkedlyincreasedlong-termriskofcardiovasculardiseaseinthispopulationcomparedtopersonswithoutdiabetes.Thisreviewaimstocomprehensivelysummarizetheepidemiologic,observationalresearchpublishedandlistedinPubMedbetween1970and2012onPAandsedentarybehaviors,aswellasphysicalfitnessinchildrenandadolescentswithTIDandT2D.Additionally,wedescribebrieflythestateofknowledgeonperceivedbarriersofPAinpersonswithdiabetes,withafocusonhypoglycemia.Finally,weprovideanoverviewoftheepidemiologicalliteraturepertainingtohealthbenefitsofincreasedPAinyouthwithTIDandT2Dandbrieflydiscussthetopicofexercise-relatedhypoglycemia.