简介:一、Leech的礼貌原则综述关于跨文化交际中的礼貌原则,前人做出了大量研究。美国语言哲学家格莱斯1967年提出了“合作原则”。他把说话者和听话者在会话中共同遵守的原则概括为量的准则、质的准则、关系准则和方式准则。20世纪80年代,英国语言学家利奇在格莱斯“合作原则”的基础上,从修辞学、语体学的角度出发,提出了著名的“礼貌原则”,其核心内容为:尽量使自己吃亏,而使别人获利,以取得对方的好感,从而使交际顺利进行,并使自己从中获得更大的利益。“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”相辅相成地运用于人们的日常交际中,对语言的使用有很广泛的描述力,是人们在会话交际中尽力遵守和维持的策略。礼貌既是一种普遍现象,为各社会群体所共有,又是一种个性化的交际原则。Leech提出的礼貌原则概括地说,就是在所有条件相同的情况下,把不礼貌的信念减弱到最低限度,把礼貌的信念增强到最高限度(Leech1983)。这一原则的重点就是,在其肯定意义上给予他人以信任,而在其否定意义上,则是避免冒犯他人(Leech1974,339)。事实上,Leech的礼貌原则是针对Grice的合作原则的补救而提出的,一旦人们发现对于合作原则的过分遵循会伤害到他们交际的目的时...
简介:Theanticoagulanteffectofleechsalivawastraditionallyemployedinthetreatmentofdiabetesmellituscomplicationssuchasperipheralvascularcomplications.Thisstudywascarriedouttoexaminetheeffectofleechsalivaextract(LSE)onbloodglucoselevelsinalloxan-induceddiabeticrats.First,LSEwascollectedfromleecheswhichwerefedonaphagostimulatorysolution.Second,totalproteinconcentrationwasestimatedusingtheBradfordassay.Third,diabeticratswereinjectedsubcutaneously(sc)withLSEatdosesof500and1000μg·kg1bodyweight(bw).Otherdiabeticratswereinjectedscwithinsulinatdosesof10and20U·kg1bw.AnothergroupwasinjectedsimultaneouslywithLSE(250μg·kg1bw)andinsulin(10U·kg1bw).Fastingbloodglucose(FBG)concentrationsweremonitoredduringastudyperiodofeighthoursatregularintervals.FindingsshowedthatbothdosesofLSEresultedinasignificantandgradualdecreaseinFBGstartingfrom10%18%downfallaftertwohoursofinjectionreachingthemaximalreductionactivityof58%aftereighthours.Remarkably,LSEwassufficienttobringtheratstoanearnorm-glycemicstate.Thehighdoseofinsulininducedaseverehypoglycemicconditionafter24hofinjection.ThelowerdosewasabletodeclineFBGfor26hinratswhichbecamediabeticagainafter8h.Ontheotherhand,theconcurrentinjectionoflowdosesofLSEandinsulinproducedahypoglycemiceffectwithallratsshowingnormalFBGlevels.Takentogether,thesefindingsindicatedthatthesubcutaneousinjectionofLSEofthemedicinalMalaysianleechwasabletoprovidebetterglycemiccontrolcomparedwithinsulin.Moreover,thesynergismbetweenLSEandinsulinsuggeststhatLSEcouldbeutilizedasanadjuvantmedicationinordertoreduceinsulindosageortoachievebettercontrolofbloodglucose.