简介:AbstractExcessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We provide an overview about the features of fructose metabolism, as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose intake is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases both in humans and rodents. To accomplish this aim, we focus on illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fructose metabolism as well as its signaling effects on metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease, highlighting the role of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in regulating fructose metabolism.
简介:Gutmicrobiotaexertsasignificantroleinthepathogenesisofthemetabolicsyndrome,asconfirmedbystudiesconductedbothonhumansandanimalmodels.Gutmicrobialcompositionandfunctionsarestronglyinfluencedbydiet.Thiscomplexintestinal'superorganism'seemstoaffecthostmetabolicbalancemodulatingenergyabsorption,gutmotility,appetite,glucoseandlipidmetabolism,aswellashepaticfattystorage.Animpairmentofthefinebalancebetweengutmicrobesandhost’simmunesystemcouldculminateintheintestinaltranslocationofbacterialfragmentsandthedevelopmentof'metabolicendotoxemia',leadingtosystemicinflammationandinsulinresistance.Dietinducedweight-lossandbariatricsurgerypromotesignificantchangesofgutmicrobialcomposition,thatseemtoaffectthesuccess,ortheinefficacy,oftreatmentstrategies.Manipulationofgutmicrobiotathroughtheadministrationofprebioticsorprobioticscouldreduceintestinallowgradeinflammationandimprovegutbarrierintegrity,thus,amelioratingmetabolicbalanceandpromotingweightloss.However,furtherevidenceisneededtobetterunderstandtheirclinicalimpactandtherapeuticuse.
简介:AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) describes a set of risk factors that can eventually lead to the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. A detailed understanding of the MetS mechanism will be helpful in developing effective prevention strategies and appropriate intervention tools. In this article, we discuss the relationship between the clinical symptoms of MetS and differences in the gut microbial community compared with healthy individuals, characterized by the proliferation of potentially harmful bacteria and the inhibition of beneficial ones. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism have been shown to be mediated by a number of factors, including inflammation caused by gut barrier defects, short-chain fatty acids metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. However, although we can clearly establish a causal relationship between gut microbial profiles and MetS in animal experiments, the relationship between them is still controversial in humans. Therefore, we need more clinical studies to augment our understanding of how we can manipulate the gut microbiota and address the role of the gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of MetS.
简介:1.BiochemicalstructureandmolecularactivityofmeldoniumMeldonium(commercialnameMildronate)wasoriginallysynthesizedinthemid-1970sattheInstituteofOrganicSynthesisoftheLatvianSovietSocialistRepublicAcademyofSciences.Thechemicalstructureofthiscompound(3-(2,2,2-
简介:1.TheendocannabinoidsysteminobesityandmetabolicdisordersAsobesityandassociatedmetabolicdisorders,suchastype2diabetesanddyslipidemia,arebecomingoneofthemostserioushealthproblemsworldwide,developmentofeffectivetherapiesisahighpriority.Inthesearchfortreatments,therecentlydiscoveredendocannabinoidsystem(ECS)hasbeguntogarnerattention,andawealthofresearchisnowfocusing
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简介:AbstractThe complement system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which usually injures the kidney. More and more studies have shown the pathogenic role and indicated that abnormal activation of the complement system was highly involved in the outbreak of autoimmune diseases. This review mainly introduced recent studies of complement system activation contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides, and so on. Understanding the pathogenic roles of complement activation in various autoimmune diseases will identify potential novel therapeutic targets on complement systems.
简介:AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of CVDs and critical regulatory factors is of great significance for promoting heart repair, reversing cardiac remodeling, and reducing adverse cardiovascular events. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of protein kinases and their interactions with other regulatory proteins in myocardial biology. Protein kinases are positioned as critical regulators at the intersection of multiple signals and coordinate nearly every aspect of myocardial responses, regulating contractility, metabolism, transcription, and cellular death. Equally, reconstructing the disrupted protein kinases regulatory network will help reverse pathological progress and stimulate cardiac repair. This review summarizes recent researches concerning the function of protein kinases in CVDs, discusses their promising clinical applications, and explores potential targets for future treatments.
简介:Thearticlediscussestherelationshipbetweenepidemicsandinternationalsecurity.Itanalyzeshowhumaneconomicbehaviorshavebrokentheequilibriumofco-evolution,andexaminesthepossibledangerousimpactsofthisuponhumansociety.Finally,mechanismsofcooperationagainstpandemicsatthegovernmentalandgrassrootslevelarelisted.Theauthorsarguethatonlybyrevisingourconceptionofdevelopmentandestablishinganintegratedunderstandingofglobalprogresscanweachieveinternationalcooperationagainstepidemics.
简介:Background:Depressiondisordercoexistsinchronicdiseaseswithsomaticdiseasesandhashighmorbidity,disabilityandmortality.Currentresearcheshaveconfirmedthatdepressionmaybecausedbycoronaryheartdisease,hypertensionandheartfailure.Meanwhile,cardiovasculardiseasesmaycauseorworsendepression,leadingtoprolongedhospitalizationandcomplications.
简介:SincePresidentObamaannouncedthePrecisionMedicineInitiativeintheUnitedStates,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoprecisionmedicine.However,clinicianshavealreadyusedittotreatconditionssuchascancer.Manycardiovasculardiseaseshaveafamilialpresentation,andgeneticvariantsareassociatedwiththeprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseases,whicharethebasisforprovidingprecisecaretopatientswithcardiovasculardiseases.Large-scalecohortsandmultiomicsarecriticalcomponentsofprecisionmedicine.Herewesummarizetheapplicationofprecisionmedicinetocardiovasculardiseasesbasedoncohortandomicstudies,andhopetoelicitdiscussionaboutfuturehealthcare.
简介:Theprimarysymptomsofrespiratorydisordersarebreathlessness,chestpainandcough,whichmaybeassociatedwithsputumproduction.However,disordersofthelungscanproducedistantsymptoms(e.g.non-metastaticmanifestationsoflungcancer),andnon-respiratoryconditionssuchasanaemiaandmetabolicacidosscancauseberathlessness.Adequateassessmentofanypatientrequiresafullclinicalhistoryandexamination.Thiscontributionconsidersaspectsdirectlyrelevanttotherespiratorysystem.
简介:AbstractPrions are unconventional infectious agents that cause lethal transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in human and animals. Prions can be distinguished from other known pathogens by their lack of nucleic acids. The most essential process for prion propagation is conversion from normal cellular prion protein on the cell membrane to insoluble, limited protease digestion-resistant, pathogenic scrapie prion protein. For dozens of years, many pharmacological tools and interventions targeting different stages of disease progression have been developed and evaluated, and a few have been entered clinical trials. However, no approved prophylactic or therapeutic drugs for prion diseases are available. In this review, we summarize the current concepts in prion research and discuss advances in the research and development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of prion disease.
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简介:Medicaltherapyfortype2diabetesmellitusisineffectiveinthelongtermduetotheprogressivenatureofthedisease,whichrequiresincreasingmedicationdosesandpolypharmacy.Conversely,bariatricsurgeryhasemergedasacost-effectivestrategyforobesediabeticindividuals;ithaslowcomplicationratesandresultsindurableweightloss,glycemiccontrolandimprovementsinthequalityoflife,obesity-relatedco-morbidityandoverallsurvival.Thefindingthatglucosehomeostasiscanbeachievedwithaweightloss-independentmechanismimmediatelyafterbariatricsurgery,especiallygastricbypass,hasledtotheparadigmofmetabolicsurgery.However,theprimaryfocusofmetabolicsurgeryisthealterationofthephysio-anatomyofthegastrointestinaltracttoachieveglycemiccontrol,metaboliccontrolandcardio-metabolicriskreduction.Todate,metabolicsurgeryisstillnotwelldefined,asitisusedmostfrequentlyforlessobesepatientswithpoorlycontrolleddiabetes.Themechanismofglycemiccontrolisstillincompletelyunderstood.Publishedresearchfindingsonmetabolicsurgeryarepromising,butmanyaspectsstillneedtobedefined.Thispaperexaminestheproposedmechanismofdiabetesremission,theefficacyofdifferenttypesofmetabolicprocedures,thedurabilityofglucosecontrol,andtherisksandcomplicationsassociatedwiththisprocedure.Weproposeatailoredapproachfortheselectionoftheidealmetabolicprocedurefordifferentgroupsofpatients,consideringtheindicationsandprognosticfactorsfordiabetesremission.
简介:因为他们的能力,B房间通常被认为是有免疫力的反应的积极管理者生产抗体,包括自身抗体。因为B房间用作介绍抗原的房间并且在有免疫力的回答施加另外的调节功能,抗体的生产便于最佳的CD4+T房间激活。然而,某些B房间能否定地也由生产规章的cytokines并且直接经由cell-to-cell接触与病原的T房间交往调整有免疫力的反应。B房间的这些类型被定义为规章的B(Breg)房间。Breg房间的规章的函数在发炎的鼠标模型被表明了,癌症,移植,并且特别地在autoimmunity。在这评论,我们集中于在人的自体免疫的疾病导致发展的理解和Breg房间的功能和B房间的含意的最近的进展。
简介:肝疾病包含许多肝条件,包括肝失败,肝肝硬化和尖锐、长期的肝炎的一个系列,例如酒鬼,丰满,药,病毒、长期的肝炎。肝损害是在肝疾病的一个主要原因的因素;通常,这些因素包括直接的肝损坏和调停免疫者的肝损害。Neutrophils(也作为neutrophilicgranulocytes或polymorphonuclear白血球(PMN)知道)是在人的最丰富的传播的白血房间类型,并且PMN是一个主要天生的有免疫力的房间子集。到微脉管系统的neutrophils的不恰当的激活和homing贡献肝疾病的许多类型的病理学的表明。这评论总结基于临床的电流和动物模型研究的嗜中性调停肝损害的新奇概念。