简介：无

简介：AbstractSevere asthma is "asthma which requires treatment with high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus a second controller (and/or systemic corticosteroids) to prevent it from becoming 'uncontrolled’ or which remains 'uncontrolled’ despite this therapy." The state of control was defined by symptoms, exacerbations and the degree of airflow obstruction. Therefore, for the diagnosis of severe asthma, it is important to have evidence for a diagnosis of asthma with an assessment of its severity, followed by a review of comorbidities, risk factors, triggers and an assessment of whether treatment is commensurate with severity, whether the prescribed treatments have been adhered to and whether inhaled therapy has been properly administered. Phenotyping of severe asthma has been introduced with the definition of a severe eosinophilic asthma phenotype characterized by recurrent exacerbations despite being on high dose ICS and sometimes oral corticosteroids, with a high blood eosinophil count and a raised level of nitric oxide in exhaled breath. This phenotype has been associated with a Type-2 (T2) inflammatory profile with expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Molecular phenotyping has also revealed non-T2 inflammatory phenotypes such as Type-1 or Type-17 driven phenotypes. Antibody treatments targeted at the T2 targets such as anti-IL5, anti-IL5Rα, and anti-IL4Rα antibodies are now available for treating severe eosinophilic asthma, in addition to anti-immunoglobulin E antibody for severe allergic asthma. No targeted treatments are currently available for non-T2 inflammatory phenotypes. Long-term azithromycin and bronchial thermoplasty may be considered. The future lies with molecular phenotyping of the airway inflammatory process to refine asthma endotypes for precision medicine.

简介：ＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｉｎｇＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＨｅａｌｔｈＰｒｏｍｉｓｅｓＫａｒｅｎＨａｒｄｅｅＴｈｅ１９９４ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ（ＩＣＰＤ）ＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｏｆＡｃｔｉｏ...

简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：传统地，睾丸激素和雌激素被认为分别地是男、女的性荷尔蒙。然而，estradiol，雌激素的占优势的表格，也在男性功能起一个关键作用。在人的Estradiol为modulating性欲，可勃起的功能，和精子发生是必要的。雌激素受体，以及aromatase，把睾丸激素变换成雌激素的酶，充满大脑，阴茎，和睾丸，为性功能重要的机关。在大脑，estradiol合成在与性唤起有关的区域被增加。在阴茎，另外，雌激素受体在神经与血管的捆附近与高集中在整个阴茎海绵体被发现。低睾丸激素和提高的雌激素独立于对方增加可勃起的机能障碍的发生。在睾丸，精子发生被雌激素在每水平调制，以hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal轴开始，由Leydig，Sertoli，和细菌房间列在后面，并且与ductal上皮，epididymis，和成熟精子完成。由estradiol的阴囊的房间的规定显示出两个一禁止并且stimulatory影响，显示剂量依赖者并且时间地的一曲复杂交响乐敏感调整。我们在这评论的目标是阐明到由看荷尔蒙的男性功能的estradiol的全面贡献在可勃起的功能，精子发生，和性欲上完成。

简介：

简介：萝卜苍蝇，德莉娅floralis秋天

简介：纸在日本总结了生命周期，环境特征和分布ofLarix起源。开花和fruiting和锥收集和种子存储的方法的时间被介绍。为日本落叶松(LarixkaempferiCarr)和Dahurian落叶松(Larixgmeliniivar.japonicaPilger)的种子萌芽和播种时间的对待的方法被讨论。

简介：

简介：Thelinkagebetweenpopulation,reproductivehealth,andpovertyreductionisalwaysanessentialissuetoaddressinanation'sdevelopmentstrategy.Chinaisnoexception.ThispaperwillfirstprovideanupdateddemographicprofileofChina,followedbyasketchofreproductive

简介：AbstractThe lysosome is the most acidic membrane-bound intracellular organelle. Lysosomal acidity is primarily maintained by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and counter ion channels. There are >60 hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosome for its fundamental digestive role. Lysosomes also play important roles in endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, and cell death. Studies that have implicated roles of lysosomes in the female reproductive system are reviewed here. In the ovary, lysosomes are implicated in the preparation of free cholesterol for steroidogenesis and degradation of regulators of steroidogenesis, regulation of follicular atresia, follicle rupture during ovulation, luteal cell survival, and luteal regression. In the oviduct, lysosomes are involved in endocytosis of both serum and oviductal luminal components. In the uterus during the menstrual/estrous cycle, lysosomes are associated with endometrial secretion, apoptosis, and menstruation. In the uterus during early pregnancy, lysosomes are involved in the temporal and directional changes of endocytosis, uterine epithelial acidification upon embryo implantation initiation, and embryo-maternal mutual communications via extracellular vesicles. In the placenta, lysosomes are implicated in nutrient transport and placental separation from the uterus for parturition. In the mammary gland, lysosomes are important for mammary gland development and involution. These findings suggest/demonstrate functions of lysosomes in multiple processes of female reproduction, from ovulation to ovarian steroidogenesis for pregnancy maintenance, and from essential in utero nurturing of developing embryos/fetuses via embryo/fetal-maternal communications, to optional postpartum nurturing of newborns via lactation. Future studies using genetically or modified animal models and pharmacological approaches will provide novel insights into the functions and mechanisms of lysosomes in the mammalian female reproductive system.

简介：对一个新震动的交配混乱方法的最近的描述关于它的可能的申请开了问题控制叶蝉Scaphoideustitanus球到另外的叶蝉害虫。自从为成功的申请是交配行为和联系信号的准确角色的种类的深知识的方法的前提，我们在绿叶蝉EmpoascavitisG上进行了行为的试金?，葡萄藤和其它的一个害虫在欧洲和亚洲收割。单身、配对的个人(男性和女性)的激光振动计记录在一个24h时期期间使我们能检测并且描述2男性和1个女信号。当一个男电话和一句对话的女答复被建立时，对形成开始，然后，它通过2个不同行为的阶段继续：地点和求爱。仅仅当男性找到女性时，合适的求爱开始。后者被一个重要变化在考虑信号和对话结构的时间的参数描绘。尽管男性打电话活动和女性的答复率在24h期间是一样，matings的一个更低的数字在夜里期间被记录。我们作为繁殖成功和交配策略的因素讨论视觉并且种类生态学的可能的角色。我们的结论是机械交配混乱技术为未来申请似乎可行到这种。

简介：RongchengCityisoneofthefirstpilotareasforthefamilyplanningprograminChina.Aftermorethan40yearsofpractice.thecityhasachievedagreatsuccessandgainedvaluableexperiencesinimplementingtheFPprogram.Demographics(1998)Toealpopulation:683,000Marriedwomenofchild...

简介：ＣｈｉｎａＨｏｌｄｓ＇９５ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＳｅｍｉｎａｒｓｏｎＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＨｅａｌｔｈ￥ＸｕＹｉＭａｎｙｓｅｍｉｎａｒｓａｎｄｐａｎｅｌｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｈｅａｌｔｈｉｓｓｕｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ...

简介：

简介：

简介：无

简介：AbstractThe gold standard of cancer diagnosis has long been based on histological characteristics. With the rapid advancement of genetic medicine, such standard algorithm of diagnostic approach is facing a challenge. The genetic findings have been changed from being a "supporting character" into the role of a "main character" . More and more disease diagnosis and classification has to be defined by genetic basis. In this article, we focus on the challenges in the field of pediatric oncology. We cited 2 scenarios where genetic information plays a pivotal role in identifying the underlying pathology. The first scenario is that same genetic mutation can lead to variable clinical phenotypes, this includes EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion related neoplasms; BCOR neoplasms; and GATA-2 deficiency related immunodeficiency and myelodysplastic syndrome. Another scenario is relatively more common that is the same clinical and histopathological phenotype with different underlying genotypes. The genotypes actually impact on the treatment response and outcome. We used medulloblastoma as an example. In fact, we can also find similar scenario in many pediatric cancers such as Ewing sarcoma, ependymoma, etc. The essence of this article is to remind clinicians of the rapid development in genetic medicine and it has been reshaping the landscape of the modern disease classification and therapeutic approach. In the near future, it may even lead to a paradigm shift in our disease diagnostic algorithm.