简介：ＣＨＩＮＡＡＥＲＩＡＬＳＥＥＤＩＮＧＡＣＨＩＥＶＥＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ￥ＢｙＬｉＮｕｙｕｎａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＪｉｎｇｃｈｕｎＣｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ，ａｅｒｉａｌｓｅｅｄｉｎｇｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｔｈｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｑｕｉｃｋ，ｅ...

简介：ＴＨＥＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＡＳＰＲＩＮＧＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＦＯＲＩＣＥＳＥＥＤＩＮＧＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＷａｎｓＸｉａｏｂｉｎ（汪晓滨），ＨｕＺｈｉｊｎ（胡志晋）ａｎｄＹｏｕＬａｉｇｕａｎｇ（游来光）（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ...

简介：TwofieldexperimentswereperformedinordertodissipatethefogatWuqingDistrictofTianjininNovemberandDecemberof2009.Hygroscopicparticleswereseededtodissipatefogdropletson6-7November,2009.Liquidnitrogen(LN)wasseededintothenaturalsupercooledfogintheexperimentsof30November–1December,2009.Significantresponsewasfoundafterseeding.Significantchangeswereobservedinthemicrostructureoffoginthefieldexperiments.Theoffogdropletchangeddramatically;itincreasedfirstandthendecreasedafterseeding.RemarkablevariationalsowasfoundintheLiquidWaterContent(LWC)andinthesizeoffogdroplet.TheDropletSizeDistribution(DSD)offogbroadenedduringtheseedingexperiments.TheDSDbecamenarrowaftertheseedingended.Afterseeding,thedropletswerefoundtobeatdifferentstagesofgrowth,resultinginatransformofDSDbetweenunimodaldistributionandbimodaldistribution.TheDSDwasunimodalbeforeseedingandthenbimodalduringtheseedingexperiment.Finally,theDSDbecameunimodallydistributedonceagain.

简介：基于卫星检索方法论，光谱特征和云微物理性质被分析那包括了隧道的亮度温度第4a5，并且他们的亮度温度差别(BTD)，播种的云轨道的有效半径由播种的运作的云和云播种的微物理效果引起了的粒子被他们的差别的比较揭示在内并且在播种轨道外面。云轨道实际上是到达深的1.5-km和14-km的一条云隧道为超过80min的宽持续。周围的云的有效半径是10-15μm，当那从15～26μm在云轨道以内时。周围的云在播种轨道以内由云的supercooled微滴，和作文组成是冰。关于在轨道附近的二个周围的方面的相当稳定的反射，可见光谱在云轨道的反射在least10%变化了，并且到达了35%的最大值，在播种轨道的3.7μm的反射相对减少了至少10%。当云播种进展了，宽度和深度逐渐地被增加。同时，在轨道以内的云顶温度关于周围的云变得日益增多地更温暖，并且最高温度差别为隧道在首先播种的位置到达了4.2和3.9℃4和5。另外，在轨道的BTD也稳定地增加了到1.4℃的最大值，与周围的云的0.2-0.4℃相比。播种的云变得的证据更薄来自显示出一条隧道的可见图象，温暖在播种轨道的BTD的云顶，和增加。因为云顶在整个它的深度下了，它输了水到降水，播种的云主要变得更薄。为播种大小写的这云，冻结成冰在云顶变得明显在播种以后的大约22min。在supercooled层状云的一个云磁道的形成主要是因为进猛抛的冰水疗院流星并且那么的播种的云卷glaciated降低了云顶高度。在播种以后在在38和63min之间的播种轨道的中间形成的新水云的一根细线，可能，由于升起，运动由结冰的释放的潜伏的热导致了。这些云消失在播种轨道的更早的片断，它建议这些eding轨道的成熟与它从方面由于周围的云的顶的扩大变窄和最终的驱散被联系里面。

简介：Adetailed3-DhailcloudnumericalmodelandparameterizationofmierophysiealprocessesweredescribedinPartⅠ(Hong1999)ofthisstudy.Inthispart,ahailcloudoccurringinXunyiarea.ShaanxiProvinceonJuly8,1997issimulatedbythemodeltoanalyzemechanismsofhailformationandhailsuppressionwithseeding.Theresultsshowthat97%ofhailembryosarefrozendrops.TheseedingexperimentswithAgIintermsofheightsshowthatiftheseedingismadebeforehailformation,theoptimumseedingpositionislocatedinthemaximumupdraftareaanditscenter,i.e.,AgIisseededinthezonewithhighwatercontenttobecoordinatedwithmaximumzoneoftheupdraft.Theseedingmakesconcentrationsofgraupelandfrozendropincreaseandtheiraveragemassorsizedecrease,sothattheproportionofconversionfromgraupelandfrozendropintohaildescendsgreatly,andthemassandconcentrationofhailstonearedecreasedtoachieveourpurposeforhailsuppression.

简介：从在在一架研究飞机上的situ探针和一架垂直地指的公里波浪Doppler雷达的数据被用来学习冷季节的山论的云播种的glaciogenic的云microphysical效果。以前的研究(Geerts等，2010)证明了雷达反射率趋于在在基于地面的银碘化物(AgI)顺风的地面上面在浅层播种时期期间更高原子核发电机。这发现基于七架班机，在怀俄明(美国)在一座山上进行了，有一个不播种的时期的各个由一个播种时期列在后面。为了估计这，影响，地理上固定的飞行磁道在一座目标山上被飞，AgI生成器迎风、顺风。这篇论文为播种影响的云的进一步的证据从一样的班机检验数据。低级反射率增加是山冠迎风、云底交叉的点顺风的定义的最好的合成雷达数据表演地面。这增加能被归因于播种的AgI的主要争论是它在流动是狂暴的地面附近被限制到浅层。当云是到飞行的积云状、协调的updrafts时，然而，在二架班机期间，水平被雷达记录，播种影响作为所有尺寸箱的冰水晶集中的重要增加在飞行级的updrafts(在山峰上面的大约610m)是明显的。因为它不是明显的，播种效果显得短命冠就顺风。

简介：

简介：InordertomaintainhigheremergenceratewithdirectseedinginShandongrockymountain,effectsofdifferentcoveringwaysonemergencerateofSophorajaponicaL.directseedingwerestudied.Theresultsshowedthatbothmulchingfilmandgrasscovercouldeffectivelyincreasethemoisturecontentofthesoilatthedepthof0-30cm,contributingtosoilmoistureconservationandtheinhibitionofsoilevaporation,whichcreatedfavorablemoistureenvironmentforthegrowthofS.japonicaseeds.Bothth...

简介：AbstractBackground:As COVID-19 makes its way around the globe, each nation must decide when and how to respond. Yet many knowledge gaps persist, and many countries lack the capacity to develop complex models to assess risk and response. This paper aimed to meet this need by developing a model that uses case reporting data as input and provides a four-tiered risk assessment output.Methods:We used publicly available, country/territory level case reporting data to determine median seeding number, mean seeding time (ST), and several measures of mean doubling time (DT) for COVID-19. We then structured our model as a coordinate plane with ST on the x-axis, DT on the y-axis, and mean ST and mean DT dividing the plane into four quadrants, each assigned a risk level. Sensitivity analysis was performed and countries/territories early in their outbreaks were assessed for risk.Results:Our main finding was that among 45 countries/territories evaluated, 87% were at high risk for their outbreaks entering a rapid growth phase epidemic. We furthermore found that the model was sensitive to changes in DT, and that these changes were consistent with what is officially known of cases reported and control strategies implemented in those countries.Conclusions:Our main finding is that the ST/DT Model can be used to produce meaningful assessments of the risk of escalation in country/territory-level COVID-19 epidemics using only case reporting data. Our model can help support timely, decisive action at the national level as leaders and other decision makers face of the serious public health threat that is COVID-19.