简介：ＰａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｏｃｉｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＴｈｅｓｏｃｉｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓｍｏｒｅｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｆｏｒｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｋｅｐｗｏｒｋｉｎｇａｆｔｅｒｒ...

简介：空气污染是快速的都市化和经济开发在中国带的一个严重问题，强加对人口健康和社会的可持续性的大挑战和威胁。基于监视从2013～2014为每个中国城市获得的数据的即时空气质量，空气污染的空间与时间的特征用各种各样的探索空间数据分析工具被分析。与空间econometric模型一起，这份报纸进一步确定在公民和地区性的规模的空气质量上的社会经济的因素的影响。结果如下：(1)从2013～2014，城市的空气质量的天依从的百分比增加了，但是空气污染败坏了，在有差的空气质量的区域的变得更坏的状况变得更明显。(2)空气质量的变化出现一清楚的时间的结合地区性的社会经济的活动，基本上在白天并且相对相对差擅长夜里。(3)城市的空气污染显示出一个空间模式在在南方的北方和光在在西方的东方和光重、重。(4)地区性的城市的空气污染的全面程度和分发有清楚地不同的特征。因为关键城市的污染是那些城市spreadsregional外套污染的aggravatedpollution，地区性的空气污染的形成和进化能基本上被导致是在污染governanceregional污染关节预防的aggravatedthe钥匙城市铅，控制总的来说是implementedregional污染被减少。(5)在公民，水平，精力消费，工业化和工艺的进步是在优秀、经济开发是的城市的空气变得更坏的主要因素为那质量的改进的一位重要司机。(6)由资源，环境和开发舞台影响了，社会经济的因素在空气质量上有强烈可变的影响，在在不同区域的方向和紧张。基于结论，地区性的区别和在中国的开发和环境变化被讨论的在经济之间的关系的发展想法。

简介：Toreversethecontinuousdeteriorationofgrasslandecologyandtoimprovethewell-beingofherders,Chinahasbeenformulatingmanynationalpoliciesonpaymentsforgrasslandecologicalconservation.Oneofthem,theGrasslandEco-compensationPolicy(GEP),isthebiggestprogramforgrasslandprotectioninChinasince1949.TheGEPconservesnaturalgrasslandbypayingherderscashsubsidies.Italsohasworldwidesignificancebecauseitcanincreasevegetativecover,improvetheecologicalbalance,increasecarbonsequestrationandlessentheamountofdustreachingothercountriesthroughinhibitingsoilerosion.Overall,wefindthatitsecologicalandsocioeconomiceffectsarebeneficialandfurtherbenefitsmaybeobservedinthefuturebecausewhilethesocioeconomiceffectsusuallyappearquickly,ecologicaleffectsmaytakelongertomanifest.2015isthelastyearforthefirstroundoftheGEPpolicyimplementationandtheextendedpolicyfortheGEPwillbeapprovedandcontinuedbythecentralgovernment.Tomakethepolicymoresuccessful,wesuggestcoordinatedplanning,acomprehensiveoverview,highercompensationandcollaborativestudy.EfficientimplementationoftheGEPcouldalsoprovidevaluableexperienceforothereco-compensationprogramsinChinaandnumerousotherregionsoftheworld.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheassociationbetweensocioeconomicstatus(SES)andvisualdisability(VD)amongolderChineseadults.METHODS:WeobtaineddatafromtheSecondNationalSampleSurveyonDisability,conductedinChinain2006.Atotalnumberof192375olderadults(aged≥65y)werescreenedforsuspectedVDviainterviewswithtrainedexaminers.ThosewhoscreenedpositivelyforVDwerereferredtoophthalmologiststoobtainafinaldiagnosis.RESULTS:VDwasprevalentamong7.29%ofChineseadultsaged65andolder,andwashigherinruralareas(8.71%)thaninurbanareas(4.82%).AfteradjustingforSESindicatorsandcovariates,wefoundthatlesseducatedolderadultsweremorelikelytosufferfromVD,withanoddsratio(OR)of2.50(95%CI:2.26-2.82)forilliterates,comparedwiththosewhograduatedfromseniorhighschoolorabove.OlderadultswhowereinthelowestincomequintileweremoreatriskofVD,withanORof1.81(95%CI:1.68-2.95),comparedwithadultsinthehighestincomequintile.Inurbanareas,whencomparedwithadultswhograduatedfromseniorhighschoolorabove,thosewhodidnotcontinuetheireducationafterjuniorhighschool,primaryschool,orthosewhowereilliterate,weremorelikelytosufferfromVD,withanORof1.35(95%CI:1.51-1.59),1.84(95%CI:1.60-2.12),and2.63(95%CI:2.27-3.04),respectively.LowerlevelsofincomewerestatisticallysignificantwhenassociatedwithVD.Inruralareas,adultswhowereilliteratehadanORof2.21(95%CI:1.75-2.79)whencomparedtoadultswithseniorhighschooloraboveeducationlevel.Percapita,householdincomeremainedsignificantlyassociatedwithVD.Olderadultswhowere≥85,female,single,andresidinginruralareaswereassociatedwithhigherrisksofVD.CONCLUSION:Individual-levelSESamongtheelderly,intheformofeducationandincome,isassociatedwithVDamongelderlyChineseadultsinbothurbanandruralareas;however,theassociationisstrongerinruralareas.Furtherstudiesarestillrequiredtoex

简介：ThisarticleattemptstoexaminetheinfluenceofsomeselectedpredictorvariablesonfemaleageatfirstmarriageinslumareasofBangladesh.Apathandmultipleclassificationanalysis(MCA)approachhavebeenadopted.Authorsthoughtthatrespondent'seducationallevelandthemassmediasuchaswatchingtelevisionhaveasignificantdirectimpactonageatmarriage,whilethetypesoffamilyandoccupationalstatushaveanindirecteffectonageatmarriage.

简介：在在Huaihe河盆(HRB)的humanwater关系中有实质的冲突。没有降级，完成持续经济开发在HRB的水环境，我们开发三维的水环境支持能力(WESC)基于水为环境带能力(WECC)建模，浇环境压力(WEP)，并且浇污染预防和控制能力(WPPC)。地理信息系统有分析层次过程方法和动态加权的求和的空间分析被使用。为为工业的合适的地点和为水的环境保护策略的几个建议被介绍。下列结果被获得。(1)在WECC的空间差别是实质的；有高值的WECC地区的区域主要沿着Huaihe河的主要溪流位于南方方面。WEP通常高，与在整个HRB的污染预防和控制的全面底层。WPPC和WEP显示出由于有更高环境的污染的区域通常有经济开发的高水平的事实的高空间的重叠，并且因此为污染控制有一个强壮的能力。(2)总的来说，WESC在HRB是中等的。特别地，有高WESC价值的区域仅仅在2010说明56.24%HRB。在WESC的不同差别也在位于南方与相比的区域之间存在在盆，和区域的北方在下游的区域与相比在在上游并且中流区域。(3)因而根据为在HRB的工业zoning的指导，在南方并且在的区域下游并且有低WEP值和高WECC和WPPC的亚溪流，传统的工业应该基于严格的环境存取和污染排放标准被开发。当为沿着HRB的中流并且沿着整个Yishusi河盆，有高WEP价值，的区域工业重构并且工艺的升级被建议时。措施应该在被采取限制开发并且在盆的在上游的区域保护环境，它是喝水的关键来源，在沿着South-to-North水转向工程的线的东方线路，并且在生态地易碎的区域盆。，这将包括干净的水的实际存在的预备保证好环境功能同时令人满意调整，转变，并且升级工业结构的迫切需要。

简介：Studyingtheprocessandcharacteristicsofurbanlandchangeindifferentphasesofurbanizationanddifferenteconomicdevelopmentismuchimportantforunderstandingurbanlandchangeandmanagementatamacrolevel.TakingtheexampleofJiangsuProvince,thepresentpaperstudiedthecorrelationbetweenurbanlandchangeprocessandsocioeconomicdevelopmentfrom1981to2003onthebasisofstatisticaldata.Theresultsshowedthefollowingthreeaspects.First,urbanlandareahaschangedperiodicallyandtheresearchdurationcanbedividedintotwoperiods:from1981to1994andfrom1995to2003.Ineachperiod,thechangingtrendisthesame,i.e.slowatfirstandthenquick.Studyingfromthecomprehensivechangestatus,thecharacteristicoffluctuantchangeissignificantwiththreeacutechangepinnaclesin1988,1991and2002whichwerecorrespondedtoturningpointyearsofeconomicdevelopmentphasesofJiangsuProvincerespectively.Second,thesynchronizationbetweenurbanlandchangeandurbanizationlevelchangeisnotstrict.Withtheevolutionofurbanizationphases,thechangepaceofurbanizationlevelincreasedremarkably,buturbanlandchangeratedidnotincreasesignificantlyaccordingly.Third,theareaofurbanlandhasexponentiallyincreasedwiththeincreaseofpercapitaGDP.IndifferenteconomicdevelopmentlevelsclassifiedbypercapitalGDP,landresourcecostforeconomicdevelopmentisdifferent,respectively29.01hm2,26.34hm2,26.22hm2,and11.14hm2fortheincreaseof100millionRMBGDPwhenthepercapitaGDPisunder1000,1000–2000,2000–5000andover5000RMB.

简介：Thispaperisthefirstrecordedeconomicvalueoflivingfossil,anevaluationofthebasiceconomicvalueofLingula,basedonthedirectutilizationofhouseholdsforfoodandsale.Twenty-onelocalfishermenwhocollectedLingulainTratProvincewerefocusedonbyusinginterviewquestionnaires.Theanimalhabitatsareinfluencedbytheencroachers’age,genderandharvestmethod.Thetotaleconomicvaluein2011wasaroundtwomillionbaht.ThosewhopossessfishinggearandhavemoremoneycanhavegreateraccesstotheproductThelocalcommunitiesinNongKhunsongsub-districtaresuccessfulincollectingtheLingulaandindoinglocalbusiness.Themarketchannelanalysisisconductedatlocal,provincialandnationallevelsandshortmarketchainsaredemonstratedintheformofawholesalemarketintheLingulatrade.Thisrepresentssignificantconsumptionbythelocalcommunities.Thestudyfurtherrecommendssustainableconservationandmanagementeffortsatalocalscale.

简介：AbstractBackground:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common public health problem worldwide. Recent studies have reported that socioeconomic status (SES) is related to the incidence of COPD. This study aimed to investigate the association between SES and COPD among adults in Jiangsu province, China, and to determine the possible direct and indirect effects of SES on the morbidity of COPD.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 40 years and above between May and December of 2015 in Jiangsu province, China. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling approach. COPD, the outcome variable, was diagnosed by physicians based on spirometry, respiratory symptoms, and risk factors. Education, occupation, and monthly family average income (FAI) were used to separately indicate SES as the explanatory variable. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were introduced to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for examining the SES-COPD relationship. A pathway analysis was conducted to further explore the pulmonary function impairment of patients with different SES.Results:The mean age of the 2421 participants was 56.63 ± 9.62 years. The prevalence of COPD was 11.8% (95% CI: 10.5%-13.1%) among the overall sample population. After adjustment for age, gender, residence, outdoor and indoor air pollution, body weight status, cigarette smoking, and potential study area-level clustering effects, educational attainment was negatively associated with COPD prevalence in men; white collars were at lower risk (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83) of experiencing COPD than blue collars; compared with those within the lower FAI subgroup, participants in the upper (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.97) tertiles were less likely to experience COPD. Such negative associations between all these three SES indicators and COPD were significant among men only. Education, FAI, and occupation had direct or indirect effects on pulmonary function including post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), FEV1, FVC, and FEV1 percentage of predicted. Education, FAI, and occupation had indirect effects on pulmonary function indices of all participants mainly through smoking status, indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution. We also found that occupation could affect post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC through body mass index.Conclusions:Education, occupation, and FAI had an adverse relationship with COPD prevalence in Jiangsu province, China. SES has both direct and indirect associations with pulmonary function impairment. SES is of great significance for COPD morbidity. It is important that population-based COPD prevention strategies should be tailored for people with different SES.