简介：AbstractThe auditory brainstem implant (ABI) was originally developed to provide rehabilitation of retrocochlear deafness caused by neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Recent studies of the ABI have investigated outcomes in non-NF2 cohorts, such as patients with cochlear nerve aplasia or cochlear ossification and more recently, intractable tinnitus. New technologies that improve the ABI-neural tissue interface are being explored as means to improve performance and decrease side effects. Innovative discoveries in optogenetics and bioengineering present opportunities to continually evolve this technology into the future, enhancing spatial selectivity of neuronal activation in the cochlear nucleus and preventing side effects through reduction in activation of non-target neuronal circuitry. These advances will improve surgical planning and ultimately improve patients’ audiological capabilities. ABI research has rapidly increased in the 21st century and applications of this technology are likely to continually evolve. Herein, we aim to characterize ongoing clinical, basic science, and bioengineering advances in ABIs and discuss future directions of this technology.

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简介：Ultrapureferriticstainlesssteelisakindofnewstainlesssteelgradewithhighqualitydevelopedinthemid-twentiethcentury,itischaracterizedbyultralowCarbonandNitrogencontentandmicro-alloyingwithTi,Nb,V,Cuetc.,soitovercomesalotofuseshortcomingsoftheordinaryferriticstainlesssteel,suchasintergranularcorrosionsensitivity,lowductilityandtoughnessunderatmospheretemperature,crackincliningattheweldzoneetc.,namely,ithasbetterperformancethantheordinaryferriticstainlesssteelintheaspectofcorrosionresistance,toughnessandweldabilityetc.Furthermore,aseriesofsecondaryrefiningequipmentsandtechnologieshavebeeninventedfromthe1960s,loworultralowCarbonandNitrogencontentinthemoltenstainlesssteelcanbeobtainedduringmanufacturingproduction.Therefore,suchsteelhasbeenappliedinmanyfields,leadingtotheveryrapiddevelopmentoverthepasthalfcentury.Thispaperfocusesonthesecondaryrefiningprocesswhichisthemostimportantstepofthewholesteel-makingprocessfortheultrapureferriticstainless.Firstly,somedifficultiesofthesecondaryrefiningprocessaredescribed,includingthehighpurificationintermsofbothCarbonandNitrogencontents,highefficientandstablecontrol.Secondly,thedevelopmentandprogressofthesecondaryrefiningtechnologyforultrapureferriticstainlessisintroducedintermsoftherefiningequipments,metallurgicalprocessandassistanttechnologies.SomemostfamoussecondaryrefiningequipmentsandmetallurgicaltechnologiesforultrapureferriticstainlesssteelhadbeeninventedmainlybyJapanandEuropeancompaniesfrom1960sto1990s,suchasVOD,SS-VOD,AOD-VCR,VOD-PBetc..Duringthesametimeofwideapplicationofthesesecondaryrefiningequipmentsandtechnologies,inordertostrengthenthefunctionandcapacityoftheserefiningequipments,someadvancedassistanttechnologieswerealsointroducedandapplied,whichconsistsoftoplance,specialrawmaterials,ladlerefracto

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简介：Itiswellestablishedthatstemcellscandifferentiateintocelltypesoftheorganinwhichthesearetransplanted.However,theprocessisveryslowduetolackofunderstandingofsignalsimportantfortheirsurvivalanddifferentiation,mostoptimalstemcellsandtheirplasticity.Limitationsandadvantagesofvariouscellsubtypeswillbedescribed.Therateofstemcellsmobilizationandtheirsurvivalintheischemicenvironmentaremajorobstaclesinengraftmentanddifferentiationofstemcellsformeaningfulrepairoftheinfarctedmyocardium.Manipulationofstemcellswithischemicpreconditioning,combinedgeneandcelltherapytogetherwithsimultaneousactivationofdiversesignalingpathwaysformassivestemcellmobilization®enerationhassignificantimpactontherepairprocessbystemcells.Theseandotherdifficultiesencounteredinefficientuseofvariousstemcellshaveresultedininventionofinducedpluripotentstemcellswhichcouldrevolutionizethestemcellbasedtherapyandtheirapplicationsforunderstandingofhumandiseaseanddrugscreeninginthenearfuture.ReprogrammingofadultcellsintoiPScellswithouttheuseofviralvectorsisamajorchallengetowardsgettingiPScellswithoutviralintegrationintocells.Tomeetthischallengewehaverepro-grammedskeletalmyoblastsintoiPScellswithhighefficiencyusingepigeneticmodifiers.TransplantationofiPScellsderivedpurecardiacprogenitorsintoinfarctedmyocardiumledtoextensiverepopulationofscarareawithfullydevelopedmyocyteswithouttumorformationandresultinginmarkedimprovementincardiacfunction.Reprogrammingwithpurechemicalmeanswillmaketherapeuticuseofthesecellsmoresafer.Targetingtheinducedpluripotentstemcellstowardscardiacprogenitorsandtheirapplicationtowardstransplantationisamajorstepforwardinenhancingthemyocardialrepaircapacitybythesecells.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Nearly 300 children and 20 mothers die from preventable causes daily, in Uganda. Communities often identify and introduce pragmatic and lasting solutions to such challenging health problems. However, little is known of these solutions beyond their immediate surroundings. If local and pragmatic innovations were scaled-up, they could contribute to better health outcomes for larger populations. In 2017 an open call was made for local examples of community-based solutions that contribute to improving maternal and child health in Uganda. In this article, we describe three top innovative community-based solutions and their contributions to maternal health.Main text:In this study, all innovations were implemented by non-government entities. Two case studies highlight the importance of bringing reproductive health and maternal delivery services closer to populations, through providing accessible shelters and maternity waiting homes in isolated areas. The third case study focuses on bringing obstetric imaging services to lower level rural health facilities, which usually do not provide this service, through task-shifting certain sonography services to midwives. Various health system and policy relevant lessons are highlighted.Conclusions:The described case studies show how delays in access to health care by pregnant women in rural communities can be systematically removed, to improve pregnancy and delivery outcomes. Emphasis should be put on identification, capacity building and research to support the scale up of these community-based health solutions.

简介：AbstractObjective:Otolaryngologists are at increased occupational risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection due to exposure from respiratory droplets and aerosols generated during otologic, nasal, and oropharyngeal examinations and procedures. There have been a variety of guidelines and precautions developed to help mitigate this risk. While many reviews have focused on the personal protective equipment (PPE) and preparation guidelines for surgery in the COVID-19 era, none have focused on the more creative and unusual solutions designed to limit viral transmission. This review aims to fill that need.Data Sources:PubMed, Ovid/Medline, and ScopusMethods:A comprehensive review of literature was performed on September 28, 2020 using PubMed, Ovid/Medline, and Scopus databases. All English-language studies were included if they proposed or assessed novel interventions developed for Otolaryngology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.Results:A total of 41 papers met inclusion criteria and were organized into 5 categories ('General Recommendations for Otolaryngologic Surgery’, 'Equipment Shortage Solutions’, 'Airway Procedures’, 'Nasal Endoscopy and Skull Base Procedures’, and 'Otologic Procedures’). Articles were summarized, highlighting the innovations created and evaluated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Creative solutions such as application of topical viricidal agents, make-shift mask filters, three-dimensional (3-D) printable adapters for headlights, aerosol containing separation boxes, and a variety of new draping techniques have been developed to limit the risk of COVID-19 transmission.Conclusions:Persistent risk of COVID-19 exposure remains high. Thus, there is an increased need for solutions that mitigate the risk of viral transmission during office procedures and surgeries, especially given that most COVID-19 positive patients present asymptomatically. This review examines and organizes creative solutions that have been proposed and utilized in the otolaryngology. These solutions have a potential to minimize the risk of viral transmission in the current clinical environment and to create safer outpatient and operating room conditions for patients and healthcare staff.

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简介：SongkeWellNo.2,oneofthemainpartofthescientificdrillingprojectinSongliaoBasin,whichwasdrilled7018mandacquiredthepartofcorescontinuouslyfromtheLowCretaceoustotheCarboniferousandthePermianfromthe2843mdeep,canbeconsideredasthedeepestcontinentaldrillingprojectinAsia.Aimingatthefeaturesoflongerwellsections,largerdiametersandmultiplespud-insforcoringofSongkeWellNo.2,thisprojectbrokethroughthe"coringinsmalldiameterandreaminginlargediameter"spud-indrilling-completionprocedureswhicharealwaysusedinlarge-diameter-wellcoringforcontinentalscientificdrillingprojectsindomesticandoverseasandthedrillingmethodofshort-singlecylinderroundtripfootage.Atthesametime,"coringinthesamediameterandcompletingdrillingatonesinglediameter"wasachievedatallφ311mmandφ216mmcoringsectionsofmorethanonethousandmeterslong,high-efficientoperationwith"drillinglongfootagewithdrilltoolscombinedinmulticylinders"wasachievedatdeepcoringsection.Fourworlddrillingrecordswerecreatedwhichincludemorethanathousandmeterscontinuouscoringatφ311mm,andthefootageperroundtripfootageatφ311mm,φ216mmandφ152mmisallmorethan30m,allofthesebreakthroughsreducedatleast300daysforthisproject;moreover,consideringthecharacteristicsofformationsthatthegeothermalgradientishighinthedrilledsectionsandtheinside-welltemperatureisover240℃afterdrillingcompletion,aformate-polymerwater-basedmudsystemwasdevelopedbycompoundingattapulgiteandsodiumbentoniteandbyaddingindependentlydevelopedhigh-temperaturestabilizer,whichcanprovidecriticaltechnicalsupportforsuccessfulwellcompletionat7018minthesuper-high-temperatureenvironmentItisthefirsttimethatthewater-basedmudisoperatedattheworkingtemperaturehigherthan240℃inChina;Besides,consideringthehigh-qualityrequirementoncoresimposedbytheproject,themethod"mechanicalcor

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简介：Cardiovasculardisease(CVD)istheleadingcauseofdeathandamajorhealthcarechallengeglobally.Coronaryarterydisease(CAD)isaprimaryunderlyingpathologicalprocessinthemajorityofcardiovasculardiseasecases.Magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)canplayapotentiallyimportantroleinthemanagementofCADasanoninvasiveimagingmodalitywithoutionizingradiation,althoughitsearlypromisehasnotbeendeliveredbecauseofseveralcrucialtechnicallimitations.However,recentinnovationsinMRIhavereopenedthedoor,withtremendousopportunitiesformultiparametricassessmentofCADincludingluminalstenosis,plaqueburdenandcomposition,anddiseaseactivitiessuchasinflammationandhemorrhage.NovelMRIacquisitionandreconstructionstrategiesnowoffermuchincreasedspatialresolutionandimagequalityandshortenedexaminationtimescomparedwithconventionalapproaches.RecentclinicalexperiencesofcoronaryMRIindicatedthepotentialtoimprovethecurrentmanagementofcoronaryatherosclerosis,suchasidentifyingthepatientsatthehighestriskandevaluatingtherapeuticresponses.InthisreviewwediscussthelatesttechnicaladvancesandclinicalinsightsincoronaryMRI.

简介：AbstractGastric cancer, which has a high incidence and poor prognosis, remains a therapeutic challenge. Recently, neoadjuvant therapy has attracted increasing attention due to high recurrence rate and low survival rate after resection in most patients with advanced stage. Clinical trials show that neoadjuvant approaches confer a significant survival advantage for resectable locally advanced gastric cancer. The specific advantages of chemoradiotherapy compared with chemotherapy have not been clarified; optimal regimens and cycles, particularly in the preoperative setting, should be studied further; and trials aimed at determining the role of targeted and immunological therapies should be conducted.

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简介：Sincethe18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC),thesystemforthelegalprotectionofhumanrightsundersocialismwithChinesecharacteristicshasexperiencedinnovativedevelopment.Inparticular,theDecisiononCertainKeyIssuesonComprehensivelyDeepeningReform,whichwasadoptedbytheThirdPlenarySessionofthe18thCPCCentralCommittee,

简介：2005年5月29日，法国为第一个欧盟成员国以公投的方式反对欧盟宪法：三天后，6月1日荷兰也以公投方式反对了欧盟宪法。这结果震撼了欧盟其他国家，但并非是不可预料的。本文简介欧盟现有的法制之后，会将焦点放在分析宪法主要的改变，说明宪法被反对之原因与宪法本身是没有太大的关系。