简介：AbstractThe early intestinal microbiota plays an important role in immune regulation, and the unbalanced composition may increase the occurrence of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis. This review summarizes the latest studies in the occurrence and development of intestinal microflora and its relationship with atopic dermatitis. These results are conducive to understand the differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota between patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy people, and provide a potential intervention for prevention or treatment of atopic dermatitis.

简介：AbstractIntestinal homeostasis depends on complex interactions between the gut microbiota and host immune system. Emerging evidence indicates that the intestinal microbiota is a key player in autoimmune liver disease (AILD). Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis have been linked to gut dysbiosis. Diverse mechanisms contribute to disturbances in intestinal homeostasis in AILD. Bacterial translocation and molecular mimicry can lead to hepatic inflammation and immune activation. Additionally, the gut and liver are continuously exposed to microbial metabolic products, mediating variable effects on liver immune pathologies. Importantly, microbiota-specific or associated immune responses, either hepatic or systemic, are abnormal in AILD. Comprehensive knowledge about host-microbiota interactions, included but not limited to this review, facilitates novel clinical practice from a microbiome-based perspective. However, many challenges and controversies remain in the microbiota field of AILD, and there is an urgent need for future investigations.

简介：胆汁酸(BA)由充当tensioactives在肠在胖消化有一个长确定的角色，由于他们的amphipatic特征。BA被肠上皮很高效地重新吸收并且经由大部分被阐明了的运输机制再循环回到肝。BA的运输和合成被特定的血浆膜受体和原子受体紧部分地调整。除了他们的主要效果，BA被宣称在胃肠的癌症，肠的发炎和肠的离子的运输起一个作用。BA不在任何这些生物活动，和结构的要求是相等的通常被识别了。特别地，一些BA可能在煽动性的肠疾病为癌症chemoprevention并且也许是有用的，尽管进一步的研究在这个领域里是必要的。这评论在BA肠的生物学的这些方面盖住最近的开发。

简介：Acriticalfunctionoftheintestinalmucosaistoformabarrierthatseparatesluminalcontentsfromtheinterstitium.Thesinglelayerofintestinalepithelialcells(IECs)servesasadynamicinterfacebetweenthehostanditsenvironment.Cellpolarityandstructuralpropertiesoftheepitheliumiscomplexandisimportantinthedevelopmentofepithelialbarrierfunction.Epithelialcellsassociatewitheachotherviaaseriesofintercellularjunctions.TheapicalmostintercellularjunctionalcomplexreferredtoastheApicalJunctionComplex(AJC)isimportantinnotonlycell-cellrecognition,butalsointheregulationofparacellularmovementoffluidandsolutes.Defectsintheintestinalepithelialbarrierfunctionhavebeenobservedinanumberofintestinaldisorderssuchasinflammatoryboweldisease(IBD).ItisnowbecomingevidentthatanaberrantepithelialbarrierfunctionplaysacentralroleinthepathophysiologyofIBD.Thus,abetterunderstandingoftheintestinalepithelialbarrierstructureandfunctioninhealthyanddiseasestatessuchasIBDwillfosternewideasforthedevelopmentoftherapiesforsuchchronicdisorders.

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简介：AIMTo调查vasoactive的角色在形式剥夺的肠的肽(贵宾)近视(频分多路复用).METHODSFDM被放在三组八只小鸡创造一半透明在他们的右眼睛上更弥漫。Intravitreal注射盐并且贵宾一天被使用一次进组的堵塞眼睛2和3分别地。视网膜镜检法和轴的长度(AL)大小在第一和8th天更弥漫穿。在三个组的右眼睛和白天8上的第一个组的左眼睛的VIP受体和ZENK蛋白质的视网膜mRNA层次用在权利的中部的最后的折射(D)看的.RESULTSThe是的实时聚合酶链反应(PCR)被决定-13.75(-16.00,-12.00),-11.50(-12.50,-7.50),和-1.50(在组的-4.75,-0.75)1，2，和3，分别地(P<0.001)。在右眼睛的中部的AL(公里)是10.65(10.00，11.10)，9.90(9.70，10.00)，并且9.20(9.15，9.25)在组1，2，和3，分别地(P<0.001)。为VIP2受体的中部的三角洲三角洲周期阀值(CT)价值是1.07(0.82，1.43)，1.22(0.98，1.65)，0.29(0.22，0.45)在组的右眼睛1，2，和3，和1.18(0.90，1.37)在组1的左眼睛，分别地(P=0.001)。为ZENK蛋白质的中部的三角洲三角洲CT价值是1.07(0.63，5.03)，3.55(2.20，5.55)，在组的右眼睛无法发现1，2，和3和1.89(0.21，4.73)在组1的左眼睛，(P=0.001)分别地，.CONCLUSIONVIP在频分多路复用的发展有潜在的禁止的效果。

简介：Houttuyniacordatapolysaccharide(HCP)isextractedfromHouttuyniacordata,akeytraditionalChinesemedicine.ThestudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsofHCPonintestinalbarrierandmicrobiotainH1N1virusinfectedmice.MicewereinfectedwithH1N1virusandorallyadministratedHCPatadosageof40mg(kg^-1(d^-1.H1N1infectioncausedpulmonaryandintestinalinjuryandgutmicrobiotaimbalance.HCPsignificantlysuppressedtheexpressionofhypoxiainduciblefactor-1αanddecreasedmucosubstancesingobletcells,butrestoredthelevelofzonulaoccludens-1inintestine.HCPalsoreversedthecompositionchangeofintestinalmicrobiotacausedbyH1N1infection,withsignificantlyreducedrelativeabundancesofVibrioandBacillus,thepathogenicbacterialgenera.Furthermore,HCPrebalancedthegutmicrobiotaandrestoredtheintestinalhomeostasistosomedegree.TheinhibitionofinflammationwasassociatedwiththereducedlevelofToll-likereceptorsandinterleukin-1βinintestine,aswellastheincreasedproductionofinterleukin-10.OraladministrationofHCPalleviatedlunginjuryandintestinaldysfunctioncausedbyH1N1infection.HCPmaygainsystemictreatmentbylocalactingonintestineandmicrobiota.Thisstudyprovedthehigh-valueapplicationofHCP.

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Scrofuloderma is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the most common form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It remains a significant medical challenge because its clinical manifestations mimic those of various other conditions, making diagnosis difficult. Here, we report a 28-year-old man who had been diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis but discontinued treatment.Case presentation:He subsequently presented with a 5-month history of multiple non-healing ulcerative lesions on the abdomen with no other significant clinical findings. Ziehl-Neelsen staining of an impression smear taken from the lesions was performed as the preliminary investigation and confirmed the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Histopathologic examination of a skin biopsy specimen, PCR, and the Mantoux test also confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient began treatment with anti-tubercular drugs and his lesions gradually regressed.Discussion:The most common finding of scrofuloderma is a chronic, painless ulcerative lesion with purulent discharge. Cervical lymph nodes are frequently involved. These clinical features mimic several other bacterial and fungal conditions. However, Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the discharging ulcers can be used as a preliminary test to demonstrate acid fast bacilli in most of the cases. Histopathologic examination of skin biopsy specimen, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen media and PCR can confirm the diagnosis.Conclusion:Although Scrofuloderma is a rare cutaneous manifestation, it is curable with early diagnosis and prompt intervention of antitubercular drugs.

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简介：AbstractGastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (GC) and is considered an irreversible point of progression for GC. Helicobacter pylori infection can cause GIM, but its eradication still does not reverse the process. Bile reflux is also a pathogenic factor in GIM and can continuously irritate the gastric mucosa, and bile acids in refluxed fluid have been widely reported to be associated with GIM. This paper reviews in detail the relationship between bile reflux and GIM and the mechanisms by which bile acids induce GIM.

简介：AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the complexity of the intestinal microbiome, identification of the specific causative microbial agents in CRC remains challenging, and the search for the causative microbial agents is intense. However, whether bacteria or their products can induce inflammation that results in tumorigenesis or directly causes CRC in humans is still not clear. This review will mainly focus on the progress of bacterial infection and CRC, and introduce the microbial contribution to the hallmarks of cancer. This article uses Salmonella and its chronic infection as an example to investigate a single pathogen and its role in the development of CRC, based on laboratory and epidemiological evidence. The bacterial infection leads to an altered intestinal microbiome. The review also discusses the dysfunction of the microbiome and the mechanism of host-microbial interactions, for example, bacterial virulence factors, key signaling pathways in the host, and microbial post-translational modifications in the tumorigenesis. Colonic carcinogenesis involves a progressive accumulation of mutations in a genetically susceptible host leading to cellular autonomy. Moving forward, more human data are needed to confirm the direct roles of bacterial infection in CRC development. Insights into the inhibiting infection will help to prevent cancer and develop strategies to restore the balance between host and microorganisms.

简介：Thenasogastrictube(NGT)hasbecomeafrequentlyuseddevicetoalleviategastrointestinalsymptoms.Nasogastrictubesyndrome(NTS)isanuncommonbutpotentiallylife-threateningcomplicationofanindwellingNGT.NTSischaracterizedbyacuteupperairwayobstructionduetobilateralvocalcordparalysis.Wereportacaseofa76-year-oldmanwithNTS,inducedbyanindwellinglongintestinaltube.Hewasadmittedtoourhospitalfortreatmentofsigmoidcoloncancer.Heunderwentsigmoidectomytoreleaseabowelobstruction,andhadalongintestinaltubeinsertedtodecompresstheintestinaltract.Hepresentedacutedyspneafollowingprolongedintestinalintubation,andbronchoscopyshowedbilateralvocalcordparalysis.TheNGTwasremovedimmediately,andtracheotomywasperformed.Thepatientwasfinallydischargedinafullyrecoveredstate.NTSbeconsideredinpatientscomplainingofacuteupperairwayobstruction,notonlywithaNGTinsertedbutalsowithalongintestinaltube.

简介：AbstractThe incidence of septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasing, it has become a major threat to human health because of its acute onset, poor prognosis, and high hospital costs. The most common cause of AKI in critical-care units is sepsis. Septic AKI is a complex and multi-factorial process; its pathogenesis is not fully understood. In sepsis, the destruction of mucosal barriers, intestinal flora disorders, intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, use of antibiotics, and lack of intestinal nutrients lead to an inflammatory reactions that in turn affects the metabolism and immunity of the host. Such changes further influence the occurrence and development of AKI. New technology is enabling various detection methods for intestinal flora. Clinical application of these methods in septic renal injury is expected to clarify the relationship among pathogenesis, disease progression mechanism, and intestinal flora.

简介：AbstractThe human gastrointestinal tract accommodates an entire micro-environment for divergent physiologic processes, the dysbiosis of this micro-ecology has a strong inter-action with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the past few years, with the advances in the understanding of microbiome, its metabolites and further application of next generation sequencing, analysis of dynamic alteration of gut micro-environment was realized, which provides numerous information beyond simple microbiota structure or metabolites differences under chronic colitis status. The subsequent intervention strategies targeting the modulation of intestinal micro-environment have been explored as a potential therapy. In this review, we will summarize the recent knowledge about multi-dimensional dysbiosis, the inter-action between fungus and bacteria under inflamed mucosa, and the clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation as a promising therapeutic approach in IBD.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatewhetherthesimultaneoustreatmentwithhumangrowthhormone(hGH)abolishesthenegativeeffectsofeverolimusonanastomotichealing.METHODS:Forty-eightmaleSprague-Dawley-ratswererandomizedtothreegroupsof16animalseach(Ⅰ:vehicle;Ⅱ:everolimus3mg/kgpo;Ⅲ:everolimus3mg/kgpo+hGH2.5mg/kgsc).AnimalswerepretreatedwithhGHand/oreverolimusdailyforsevendays.Thenastandardanastomosiswascreatedinthedescendingcolonandtreatmentwascontinuedforanothersevendays.Theanastomosiswasresectedintotoandtheburstingpressurewasassessedasamechanicalparameterofintestinalhealing.Moreover,biochemical(Hydroxyproline,PCNA,MPO,MMP-2andMMP-9)andhistological(celldensity,angiogenesis,amountofgranulationtissue)parametersofintestinalhealingwereassessed.RESULTS:AnastomoticburstingpressurewassignificantlyreducedbyeverolimusandasimultaneoustreatmentwithhGHresultedinconsiderablyhighervalues(Ⅰ:134±19mmHg,Ⅱ:85±25mmHg,Ⅲ:114±25mmHg;P<0.05,ⅠvsⅡ;P=0.09,ⅠvsⅢandⅡvsⅢ)HydroxyprolineconcentrationwassignificantlyincreasedbyhGHcomparedtoeverolimusalone(Ⅰ:14.9±2.5μg/mg,Ⅱ:8.9±3.6μg/mg,Ⅲ:11.9±2.8μg/mg;P<0.05,?ⅠvsⅡ/ⅢandⅡvsⅢ).ThenumberofMPO-positivecellswasreducedsignificantlybyhGHcomparedtoeverolimusalone(Ⅰ:10±1n/mm~2,Ⅱ:15±3n/mm~2,Ⅲ:9±2n/mm~2;P<0.05,ⅠvsⅡandⅡvsⅢ),whilethenumberofPCNA-positivecellswereincreasedbyhGH(Ⅰ:28±3/mm~2,Ⅱ:12±3/mm~2,Ⅲ:26±12/mm~2;P<0.05,?Ⅰ?vsⅡandⅡvsⅢ).Correspondingtothesebiochemicalfindings,HEhistologyrevealedsignificantlyincreasedamountofgranulationtissueinhGH-treatedanimals.CONCLUSION:InhibitionofintestinalwoundhealingbyeverolimusispartiallyneutralizedbysimultaeoustreatmentwithhGH.BothinflammationaswellascollagendepositionisinfluencedbyhGH.

简介：Gastrointestinalmetastasisfromprimarylungcancerisrare.Inthepresentstudy,wereportthecaseofa78-year-oldmalewhowasadmittedtotheemergencydepartmentwithacutebleedingofthedigestivetract.Duringevaluation,hewasfoundtohavelungadenocarcinomametastasisinthesmallbowelleadingtohemorrhage.Ajejunumwedgeresectionwascarriedoutandbleedingwascontrolled.However,2monthsaftertheoperation,thepatientthedfromseverepulmonaryinfection.Wealsoreviewthepublishedliteratureofprimarylungcancerwithgastrointestinalmetastasis.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheeffectandmechanismofstimulationofthehypothalamicparaventricularnucleuswithglutamateacidinratswithulcerativecolitis(UC).METHODS:Theratswereanesthetizedwith10%chloralhydrateviaabdominalinjectionandtreatedwithanequalvolumeofTNBS+50%ethanolenema,injectedintotheuppersectionoftheanuswiththetailfacingup.Colonicdamagescoreswerecalculatedafterinjectingacertaindoseofglutamicacidintotheparaventricularnucleus(pVN),andtheeffectofthenucleustractussolitarius(NTS)andvagusnerveinalleviatingUCinjurythroughchemicalstimulationofthepVNwasobservedinrats.ExpressionchangesofC-myc,Apaf-1,caspase-3,interleukin(IL)-6,andIL-17duringtheprotectionagainstUCinjurythroughchemicalstimulationofthepVNinratsweredetectedbyWesternblot.Malondialdehyde(MDA)contentandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)activityincolontissuesofratsweremeasuredbycolorimetricmethods.RESULTS:ChemicalstimulationofthePVNsignificantlyreducedUCinratsinadose-dependentmanner.TheprotectiveeffectsofthechemicalstimulationofthepVNonratswithUCwereeliminatedafterchemicaldamagetothepVN.AfterglutamatereceptorantagonistkynurenicacidwasinjectedintothepVN,theprotectiveeffectsofthechemicalstimulationofthepVNwereeliminatedinratswithUC.AfterAVpVlreceptorantagonist([Deamino-penl,val4,D-Arg8]-vasopressin)wasinjectedintoNTSorbilateralchemicaldamagetoNTS,theprotectiveeffectofthechemicalstimulationofpVNonUCwasalsoeliminated.AfterchemicalstimulationofthepVN,SODactivityincreased,MDAcontentdecreased,C-mycproteinexpressionsignificantlyincreased,caspase-3andApaf-1proteinexpressionsignificantlydecreased,andIL-6andIL-17expressiondecreasedincolontissuesinratswithUC.CONCLUSION:ChemicalstimulationofthehypothalamicpVNprovidesaprotectiveeffectagainstUCinjuryinrats.HypothalamicpVN,NTSandvagusnerveplayk

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