简介：AbstractPreoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, combined with total mesorectal excision, has become the standard treatment for advanced localized rectal cancer (RC). However, the biological complexity and heterogeneity of tumors may contribute to cancer recurrence and metastasis in patients with radiotherapy-resistant RC. The identification of factors leading to radioresistance and markers of radiosensitivity is critical to identify responsive patients and improve radiotherapy outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, and noncoding RNAs that affect various cellular and molecular targets. miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in multiple biological processes associated with RC. In this review, we summarized the signaling pathways of miRNAs, including apoptosis, autophagy, the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, proliferation, and metastasis during radiotherapy in patients with RC. Also, we evaluated the potential role of miRNAs as radiotherapeutic biomarkers for RC.

简介：摘要 微小RNA（miRNA）是真核类生物中具有调控功能的一类非编码RNA，其长度约为22~24个核苷酸。大量的研究证实，miRNA与恶性肿瘤密切相关，因此研究miRNA对肿瘤发生发展的分子调控机制，不仅有可能为肿瘤的的早期诊断、预后提供标志物，还有可能为临床治疗提供候选靶分子和新策略[1]。中草药及其提取物的使用历史悠久，具有作用广泛、安全性高、毒副作用小及患者易于接受的特点，近年来采用中药调控miRNA的差异表达来抑制恶性肿瘤的发生发展已成为研究热点。

简介：摘要微小RNA(miRNA)是一种非编码小分子RNA，可以特异性结合目标mRNA的3'非翻译区，从而诱导目标mRNA降解或抑制其翻译，最终影响细胞增生、分化以及凋亡等重要的生物学过程。白内障是全球首位致盲眼病，是一种由晶状体混浊引起的视力下降疾病，包括年龄相关性白内障、糖尿病性白内障、先天性白内障及后发性白内障。近年来研究发现，多种miRNA在晶状体组织中表达，影响晶状体上皮细胞的增生、迁移、上皮-间质转化及凋亡，参与不同类型白内障的发生及发展。本文就不同miRNA在各类型白内障中作用机制的研究进展进行综述，从而为白内障的防治提供新的思路与方法。

简介：摘要microRNA-137（miR-137，微小RNA-137）在许多肿瘤中特别是神经胶质瘤中表达异常，其通过靶向调节CDK6、Rac1、MRGBP、Notch1等基因以及PTP4A3、FOXK1基因介导的信号通路参与神经胶质瘤细胞的增殖、代谢、周期调控、侵袭及患者预后。该文章重点讨论miR-137在神经胶质瘤中的几种特殊的作用机制，进一步了解了miR-137的潜在功能，为神经胶质瘤的诊疗提供新思路。

简介：摘要内源性microRNA的表达与骨骼重吸收、骨骼基质矿化、钙离子代谢和骨骼组织分化高度相关。microRNA在调节骨骼和软骨组织生成及代谢过程中的细胞分化和细胞外基质分泌中起着重要作用，并且参与骨骼和关节组织中多种信号通路的调节。深入研究microRNA有助于更准确的诊疗骨质疏松。目前已发现多种microRNA基因家族成员均有骨质疏松诊疗标记物的作用。故笔者就近5年与骨质疏松的发生和发展密切相关的microRNA展开综述。

简介：摘要微小RNA-141(microRNA-141，miR-141)是miR-200家族成员之一，其编码基因位于12号染色体，miR-141的前体pre-miRNA在胞浆内可加工生成miR-141-3p和miR-141-5p两种成熟miRNA。miR-141可以作为癌基因或抑癌基因，通过调节不同的信号转导通路，在多种恶性肿瘤中异常表达，参与恶性肿瘤的增殖、分化、侵袭和转移。与妇科癌症相关的途径有miRNA失调和mRNA表达，miR-141的过度表达导致卵巢癌细胞系对顺铂的耐药性增强从而促进肿瘤的生长，miR-141-3p促进子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖，在子宫内膜癌的发展中可以作为促癌miRNA，宫颈癌和癌前病变组织中miR-141的高表达增加了宫颈癌细胞增殖、侵袭和上皮-间质转化。本文对miR-141在妇科恶性肿瘤中的相关研究进展进行综述。

简介：摘要主动脉瘤是一种主动脉呈慢性扩张的疾病，通常无症状，一旦破裂病死率极高，目前尚无有效治疗药物。microRNA特指19~25核苷酸的非编码小RNA。microRNA靶向多个基因的特性使其形成了复杂的调控网络而受到研究者的关注。越来越多研究表明microRNA与主动脉瘤的发生发展关系密切。众多microRNA参与了主动脉瘤复杂的病理机制过程，包括内皮细胞功能失调、炎性细胞浸润、平滑肌细胞凋亡、细胞外基质降解等。本文将阐述用于主动脉瘤研究的动物模型以及microRNA与主动脉瘤的最新研究进展。

简介：摘要目的基于转录组学探讨犀角地黄汤抗脓毒症性肝损伤的机制。方法将60只C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法等分为对照组、脓毒症组和脓毒症犀角地黄汤治疗组。采用脂多糖腹腔注射复制脓毒症小鼠模型；对照组予等量生理盐水腹腔注射。脓毒症犀角地黄汤组于建模前2 d犀角地黄汤（生药187.5 mg）灌胃，2次/d，建模后继续胃饲(2次/d)，对照组及脓毒症组予等量生理盐水胃饲。LPS干预后72 h每组随机取9只，麻醉后取部分肝脏做Small RNA及RNA-seq测序分析，部分肝脏做病理检查。结果犀角地黄汤有改善脓毒症小鼠肝组织病理学改变。缓解部分异常表达的microRNA（mmu-miR-292a-5p、mmu-miR-871-3p、mmu-miR-653-5p、mmu-miR-293-5p、mmu-miR-155-3p，mmu-miR-346-5p、mmu-miR-187-5p、mmu-miR-3090-3p）及其靶基因。结论犀角地黄汤可减少脓毒症小鼠肝组织病理学改变，其机制可能与犀角地黄汤调节mmu-miR-187-5p及其靶基因Adam8、Irak3、Pfkfb3等关键基因的表达有关。

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简介：摘要树突状细胞(dendritic cell，DC)作为专职的抗原提呈细胞，可以激活初始T细胞，在连接固有免疫和适应性免疫中发挥着重要的桥梁作用。因此，DC分化、成熟及功能的调控机制备受关注。随着高通量测序的快速发展，非编码RNA(non-coding RNA，ncRNA)这一庞大家族逐渐被人们熟知。近年来，越来越多研究报道ncRNA在DC分化、成熟及其功能中发挥着重要的调控作用。本文主要对微小RNA(microRNA，miRNA)及长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA，lncRNA)在DC分化、成熟及功能方面的相关调控作用进行综述。

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简介：AbstractBackground:MicroRNA-20a (miR-20a) is dysregulated in many types of malignancies, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its expression level and functional significance in HCC are still disputed. We aimed to study the role of miR-20a-5p in HCC and its downstream molecular mechanisms.Methods:We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression of miR-20a-5p and runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) in HCC and paraneoplastic tissue, transfected Huh7 and highly metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma (MHCC97H) cells. A live cell workstation was used to observe the proliferation and migration of transfected cells. The invasiveness of transfected cells was verified by Transwell assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of proteins after transfection were measured using simple western immunoblot measurements. Gene expression profiles between HCC and normal samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment results were processed by the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery. Potential target genes of miR-20a-5p were predicted to further investigate how miR-20a-5p regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC.Results:MiR-20a-5p was significantly highly expressed in HCC tissues, and overexpression of miR-20a-5p significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis in vitro. The protein expression of E-cadherin was decreased and that of vimentin was increased after overexpression of miR-20a-5p in HCC cells. We discovered the intersection of genes from miRDB, miR TarBase, and TargetScan, obtained 397 target genes and finally focused on RUNX3. RUNX3 was not only reduced in HCC specimens but also drastically reduced in HCC cells overexpressing miR-20a-5p. RUNX3 expression decreased with elevated miR-20a-5p, which activated downstream EMT signaling and promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.Conclusions:Since RUNX3 is involved in EMT in HCC, as proven by previous research, our findings provide further evidence for a novel regulatory pathway comprising the miR-20a/RUNX3/EMT axis that upregulates EMT signaling and enhances the migration of HCC cells.

简介：摘要川崎病是一种儿童发热性血管炎症疾病，因其易并发冠状动脉损伤(coronary artery lesion，CAL)，被认为是儿童继发性心脏病的首要病因。尽管静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白的应用大幅度降低了冠状动脉瘤的发生率，CAL的存在仍然给部分患者家庭带来较大的经济负担和心理压力。研究川崎病并发CAL的疾病机制对其预防和治疗具有重要意义。MicroRNA-208是与心血管疾病密切相关的微小RNA，该文综述了川崎病及其CAL的相关机制，并阐述了MicroRNA-208与CAL的联系，对MicroRNA-208参与川崎病相关CAL的研究前景进行了展望。

简介：摘要本研究回顾性分析2015年1月至2021年12月在南昌大学第一附属医院普外科经手术切除且病理证实的21例脾脏恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。行开腹脾切除术10例；腹腔镜脾切除术5例；开腹胰体尾切除术联合脾切除术4例；手助腹腔镜脾切除术2例。术后6例患者接受化疗，随访至2021年12月，中位随访时间4.5个月，21例患者4例失访，12例死亡，其余5例目前无瘤存活。本研究显示脾脏恶性肿瘤是一类发病隐匿、无明显特异性症状的少发恶性肿瘤，确诊仍依靠病理检查。手术切除联合系统化疗可能是最有希望的治疗方式，但脾脏恶性肿瘤的总体预后仍很差。

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简介：AbstractFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a fasting or stress inducible metabolic hormone produced mainly in the liver. It plays important roles in regulating both glucose and lipid homeostasis via interacting with a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β-klotho (KLB). For the past decade, great effort has been made on developing FGF21 derivatives or specific FGF21 receptor agonists into therapeutic agents for various metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and more importantly, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we have reviewed FGF21 gene and protein structures, its expression pattern, cellular signaling cascades that mediate FGF21 production and function. We have then summarized the six clinical trials utilizing four FGF21 analogues. Finally, two recent literatures on the development of GLP-1 and FGF21 dual agonists were presented briefly.

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简介：摘要目的探讨microRNA－31(miR－31)在高糖诱导足细胞上皮－间充质转分化(EMT)中的机制。方法将体外培养的人肾小球足细胞按不同糖浓度分为低糖组(LG)、高渗组(HM)和高糖组(HG)；按是否转染过表达miR－31(miR－31 mimics)分为miR－31过表达组(miR－31m组)、阴性对照组(miR－NC组)和脂质体组(Mock组)；按照是否转染沉默低氧诱导因子－1抑制剂(FIH－1)及沉默miR－31(miR－31 inhibitor)分为FIH－1沉默组(si－FIH－1组)、miR－31沉默组(miR－31i组)、FIH－1沉默+miR－31沉默组(si－FIH－1+miR－31i组)及阴性对照组(NC组)。采用实时聚合酶链式反应(qRT－PCR)和Western blot检测各组细胞低氧诱导因子－1抑制剂(FIH－1)、转化生长因子－β1(TGF－β1)、α－平滑肌肌动蛋白(α－SMA)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平；采用双荧光素酶靶标实验验证miR－31与FIH－1基因的靶向关系。结果与LG和HM组比较，HG组miR－31表达水平显著升高(F＝146.8，P<0.01)，FIH－1蛋白表达水平明显下降(F＝54.23，P<0.01)，而TGF－β1及α－SMA蛋白表达水平均显著升高(F＝360.6，P<0.01；F＝193.7，P<0.01)。双荧光素酶报告基因实验分析结果显示，FIH－1是miR－31的靶基因。si－FIH－1与miR－31i共同转染时，可以恢复si－FIH－1或miR－31i单独转染导致的FIH－1、TGF－β1、α－SMA的mRNA及蛋白表达变化。结论miR－31靶向调控FIH－1促进足细胞EMT，抑制miR－31的表达可减轻高糖诱导的足细胞EMT。

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