简介：Blacklocust(RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)wasthefirstNorth-AmericantreespeciesimportedtoEuropeatthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury.Itiscommonlyplantedworldwidebecauseofitsadaptabilitytoenvironmentalstresses,itsvaluablewood,easypropagation,frequentandabundantseedproduction,excellentcoppicing,highseedlingsurvival,andrelativelyhighwoodyield.InEurope,RomaniaandHungaryhavethemosthighly-developedblacklocustgrowingtechniquesandexperiences.Asaresultofincreasinginterestinblacklocustinmanycountries,thisreviewaimstoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofstate-of-the-artsiterequirements,propagation,improvementandmanagement(includinggrowthandyieldaswellasuseinenergyplantations).

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简介：植物给供应任何一个NH+4或不的N消息提供者显示出不同生长回答?3。不同N来源的举起也影响根围pH并且因此土壤磷的简历可获得性，特别地在碱的土壤。在在水栽法并且在土壤文化种的燕麦(AvenanudaL.)的根围的植物生长，P举起，和P可获得性不与唯一的NH+4-N,脚底在供应下面被调查?3-N，或联合。脚底没有?3美联储燕麦植物比唯一的NH+4喂积累了更多的生物资源。当N与两NH+4-N被供应时，最高的生物资源累积被观察并且没有?3-N。植物根的生长与比例增加了没有?3in文化媒介。更好的根生长和更高的根/射击比率一致地被观察在没有?3美联储植物。然而，根活力是最高当N被供应没有时?3+NH+4。NH+4供应减少了根围pH但是没由在土壤种，CaHPO4作为P增加了的植物影响P举起来源。没有P缺乏被观察，并且植物P集中通常在2gkg上面?1。当N不部分或作为完全被供应时，P举起被增加?3-N，同样作为生物资源累积。结果建议那燕麦是一没有?3-preferring植物，并且没有?3-N为植物生长和根吸收能力的维护是必要的。有NH+4-N的N供应没改进P营养，它由于P缺乏的缺席是最可能的。

简介：ThedifferentiationprocessincludingsomaticembryogenesisindifferentGinkgoexplantsinvitroculturewerestudiedbycytologicalobservation.Theresultsareasfollows:1)twocompletecotyledonsandaembryobudwereobservedinmatureembryosandseveralsecretoryacavitivesappearedinmaturationregionofembryobuds,hypocotyls,cotyledonsandradiclesafterculturing20days;twoincompletecotyledonsandaembryobudprimordiawerefoundinlargecotyledonembryos.Theproembryooftwocells,fourcells,multi-cellular,andglobularembroyweredevelopedfromthecallusofthesmallcotyledonembryos.2)Thedifferentiationofcotyledonexplantsstartedfromepidermalcells,andgraduallyformedmeristematiccellmassinthecorticalcells,andeventuallyadventitiousbudswereobserved.3)TheadventitiousrootsofGinkgooriginatedinthecellsatthecrossofvascularcambiumandvascularrays.4)Thetypeofrootingbelongstoinductiontypebyrootprimordium.Theformedadventitiousrootswereobservedafter20days.

简介：为探索以D-甘露糖与氨基酸的美拉德反应制备Amadori化合物的可行性问题,以D-甘露糖和L-色氨酸为原料合成了1-L-色氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖,利用IR、NMR和HR-MS对产物进行了结构表征,采用单因素试验和正交试验优化了合成工艺,利用在线裂解气相色谱/质谱联用（Py-GC/MS）法研究了产物的热裂解行为。结果表明：（1）最佳合成条件为：当L-色氨酸投料量为30mmol时,反应温度65℃、反应时间6.0h、物料比1：1（D-甘露糖与L-色氨酸的物质的量比）、催化剂用量0.5mmol及溶剂用量80mL,此条件下产率达到45.2%;（2）无论有氧或无氧条件下裂解,产物种类均随温度升高而增加,有氧条件裂解产物种类多于无氧条件;在600℃有氧条件下,1-L-色氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖裂解生成具有花香、烘烤香、坚果香、焦糖香等香韵的产物;（3）以D-甘露糖和L-色氨酸为原料合成1-L-色氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖的技术方法可行,产品收率较高。

简介：有在家和国外的好吃的质量的60常规装饰用的梨树米饭就职的差异用SSR分子的标记，农学的特点和味道特征被分析。290等位基因的一个总数在72SSRloci在60就职被检测，高类似系数在0.600和0.924之间变化。染色体5上的loci在平均等位基因数字显示出最大的价值。另外，大多数SSRloci能检测3～4等位基因。UPGMAdendrogram基于基因类似系数的簇分析证明米饭就职的部分的组织趋势是地理相关的并且大多数在江苏省的米饭就职，中国一起被聚类。而且，来自南方的许多国内就职和在中国的北方起源接近了外国装饰用的梨树米饭变化，从外国高质量的来源由他们的家谱起源证明了。为味道特征，尽管他们来自不同地理区域，有优秀味觉的就职的部分清楚地被聚类进一个范畴，它显示一些变化的味道特征主要是遗传上坚定的。另外，有好味觉的装饰用的梨树米饭的农学的特点可能仔细与他们的地理起源，而是在优异味道特征和农学的特点之间的关系被联系应该进一步被澄清。

简介：Apopulationofricebrownplanthopper(BPH)NilaparvatalugenscollectedfromapaddyfieldinHangzhouwassuccessivelyrearedonsusceptiblericeTaichungNative1(TN1)inalaboratoryfreefrominsecticidesformorethan14generations.Thechangesinsusceptibilitytoinsecticidesandecologicalfitnessondifferentresistantricevarietiesweremonitoredineachgeneration.Theresistanceratiotoimidaclopridsharplydeclinedwiththesuccessionofrearinggenerationswithoutinsecticidesfrom359.94-foldatF1to6.50-foldatF14comparedwiththesusceptiblestrain,andtheresistanceratiotochlorpyrifoswasfrom9.90-foldatF1to5.94-foldatF14.Nymphaldurationandweightsofnewlyhatchedfemaleadultsweresignificantlyaffectedbyricevariety,generationandtheirinteractions,butnymphalsurvivalwassignificantlyaffectedbythegenerationonly.Theratioofbrachypterousadultsinmaleswasaffectedbythegenerationandgeneration×varietyinteraction,whereasnodifferencewasfoundinfemales.Nymphaldurationextendedwithincreasinggenerations,andthefemalenymphaldurationwasshorterinthesusceptiblevarietyTN1thanthoseintheresistantvarietiesIR26andIR36.Inaddition,thefemaleadultweightinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.TheseresultsindicatedthattheresistanceoffieldBPHpopulationtoinsecticideswasreversedafterseveralgenerationsofno-exposuretoinsecticides,andtheecologicalfitnessinTN1washigherthanthoseinIR26andIR36.ThesefindingssuggestedtherationalandreduceduseofinsecticidesincombinationwiththemanipulationofresistantricevarietieswouldbeeffectiveforBPHmanagement.

简介：采用热重-微分热重技术研究了1-L-谷氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖的热失重和裂解温度,通过在线裂解气质联用技术分别分析研究了无氧和有氧条件下1-L-谷氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖在300℃、600℃、750℃和900℃四个温度的热裂解产物。研究结果表明1-L-谷氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖的裂解温度为161.3℃,在700℃时失重达到90.50%。无氧和有氧条件下裂解产物的种类和数量随着裂解温度升高而增多,有氧条件下裂解产物总数稍多于无氧条件,但种类有明显差异。无氧裂解和有氧裂解产物主要为酮类、吡咯类、吡啶类、呋喃类、吡嗪类、吲哚类以及少量芳香族化合物。有氧热裂解产物的香韵分析结果表明1-L-谷氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖裂解产物具有烘烤香、坚果香、甜香、花香、奶香等香韵。

简介：我们比较了在处于Karnataka的状态种区域的三棵宽广柚木从三个种子生产区域(矿泉)和柚木(TectonagrandisL.f)的三个相应未耕过的看台(UIS)获得的子孙的词法、基因的属性，印度。一般来说，播种象种子重量，种子尺寸和种子空虚那样的词法参数在与UIS相比的矿泉是显著地优异的。种子萌芽百分比在从矿泉的种子也是更高的。在二每月的间隔测量六个月的幼苗性能被观察在在比较的三个区域中的二个的矿泉优异。尽管矿泉的子孙的基因差异根本比UIS低区域，价值中等高。当差异索引否定地每种子与水果重量，水果直径和核重量被相关时，萌芽百分比断然每种子与水果重量和核重量被相关。矿泉没有对未来种植园的基因差异的严重威胁作为中等改进的种的材料的来源证明重要。

简介：Background:Theglobalsearchfornewwaystosequestercarbonhasalreadyreachedagriculturallands.Suchlandconstitutesamajorpotentialcarbonsink.Theproductionofhighvaluetimberwithinagroforestrysystemscanfacilitateanin-situcarbonstoragefunction.Thisisfollowedbyapotentiallongtermex-situcarbonsinkwithinlonglastingproductssuchasveneerandfurniture.Forthispurposewildcherry(PrunusaviumL.)isaninterestingoptionformiddleEurope,yieldinghighpricesonthetimbermarket.Methods:Atotalnumberof39wildcherryweresampledin2012and2013toassesstheleaflessabovegroundbiomass.Thecompletetreesincludingstemandbrancheswereseparatedinto1cmdiameterclasses.Woodandbarkfromsub-sampleswereanalysedseparatelyandnutrientcontentwasderived.Modelsforbiomassestimationwereconstructedforalltreecompartments.Results:Thesmallestdiameterclassespossessthehighestproportionofbarkduetosmallercrosssectionalarea.Treeboleswithagreateramountofstemwoodabove10cmindiameterwillhaveamoreconstantbarkproportion.Totalbranchbarkproportionalsoremainsrelativelyconstantaboved_(1.3m)measurementsof8cm.Abalanceisevidentbetweentheproductionofnewbrancheswithalowdiameterandhighbarkproportionoffsetbythethickeningandarelativereductioninbarkproportioninlargerbranches.Theresultsshowthatasingletreewithanageof17and18yearscanstoreupto85kgofcarbonwithintheabovegroundbiomassportion,anamountthatwillincreaseasthetreematures.Branchesdisplaygreaternutrientcontentthanstemsectionspervolumeunitwhichcanbeattributedtoagreaterbarkproportion.Conclusions:Usingthederivedmodelsthecarbonandthenutrientcontentofabove-groundwoodybiomassofwholetreescanbecalculated.Suggestedvaluesforcarbonwithothermajorandminornutrientsheldwithinrelativelyimmaturetreesstronglysupportstheideaoftheinclusionofwildcherrywithinagroforestrysystemsasan

简介：Background:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminetheclimaticsensitivityoftheradialgrowthresponseof13easternwhitepine(PinusstrobusL.)provenancesplantedatseventestsitesthroughoutthenorthernpartofthespecies’nativedistributionineasternNorthAmerica.Methods:Thetestsites(i.e.,Wabeno,Wisconsin,USA;Manistique,Michigan,USA;PineRiver,Michigan,USA;Newaygo,Michigan,USA;TurkeyPoint,Ontario,Canada;Ganaraska,Ontario,Canada;andOrono,Maine,USA)examinedinthisstudywerepartofarange-widewhitepineprovenancetrialestablishedintheearly1960sintheeasternUnitedStatesandCanada.Principalcomponentsanalysis(PCA)wasusedtoexaminethemainmodesofvariation[first(PC1)andsecond(PC2)principalcomponentaxes]inthestandardizedradialgrowthindicesoftheprovenancesateachtestsite.TheyearscoresforPC1andPC2wereexaminedinrelationtoanarrayoftestsiteclimatevariablesusingmultipleregressionanalysistoexaminethecommonalityofgrowthresponseacrossallprovenancestotheclimateofeachtestsite.ProvenanceloadingsonPC1andPC2werecorrelatedwithgeographicparameters(i.e.,latitude,longitude,elevation)andasuiteofbiophysicalparametersassociatedwithprovenanceoriginlocation.Results:TheamountofvariationinradialgrowthexplainedbyPC1andPC2rangedfrom43.4%to89.6%.Dendroclimaticmodelsrevealedthatwhitepineradialgrowthresponsestoclimatewerecomplexanddifferedamongsites.Thekeydendroclimaticrelationshipsobservedincludedsensitivitytohightemperatureinwinterandsummer,coldtemperatureinthespringandfal(i.e.,beginningandendofthegrowingseason),summermoisturestress,potentialsensitivitytostorminduceddamageinspringandfal,andbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsofhigherwintersnowfal.Separationoftheloadingsofprovenancesonprincipalcomponentaxeswasmainlyassociatedwithtemperature-relatedbioclimaticparametersofprovenanceoriginat5ofth

简介：Apotexperimentwasconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofnitrogencontent[N1(nofertilizer),N2(0.15g?kg–1),andN3(0.3g?kg–1)]onthegrowthandthehydrauliccharacteristicsofpeachseedlingsunderdifferentsoilmoistureconditions(W1,W2andW3,inwhichthesoilwatercontentwas45%to55%,60%to70%,and75%to80%ofthefieldwatercapacity,respectively)byusingaspecializedhighpressureflowmeterwitharootchamberandacoupling,whichwasconnectedtoplantorgans.Leafareaandleafhydraulicconductivity(KL)increasedsignificantlyintheseedlingsbecauseofincreasedsoilmoistureandNcontent.KLincreasedwithleafarea.AlinearcorrelationwasdocumentedbetweenKLandleafarea.KLwashigherinthemorningandbegantodeclinesharplyafter16:00,atwhichKLdeclinedafteraninitialincrease.SoilmoistureandNcontentenhancedshoot(Ks)androot(Kr)hydraulicconductivities,therebyimprovingthelowsoilmoistureconditiontoalargeextent.KsandKroftheseedlingswerereducedby32%and27%respectivelyinN1,andby14.7%and9.4%,respectivelyinN2,andbothinW1,comparedwiththecontroltreatment.N3hadnosignificanteffectonKsandKrundersimilarconditions.LinearnegativecorrelationswereobservedbetweenKrandtheexcisedrootdiameteraswellasbetweenKsandtheshootstemdiameter.Theshoot-to-rootratioincreasedwithincreaseinNcontent.Theshoot-to-rootratioinN3wasincreasedby14.37%,comparedwithN1inW1aswellasby12%and4.39%inW2andW3,respectively.KnowledgeoftheeffectsofsoilmoistureandNfertilizeronhydrauliccharacteristicsandgrowthisimportant.Ourresultsprovidebasicguidelinesfortheimplementationofwater-savingirrigationandfertilizationmanagementofnurserystock.

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简介：ThaijasminericeKDML105isconsumedaroundtheworld.BKOS,PKOSandTKOSarenewcultivarsproducedfromlow-energyionbeaminductioninKDML105.ThepurposeofthisstudyistocomparethemorphologyandanatomybetweenKDML105andthethreenewcultivars.Seedsofthefourcultivarsweregerminatedandgrowninpotsuntilfloweringphase.Theplants'organswereobservedandthelengthsofculms,ligules,leavesandpaniclesweremeasured.Leafsurfaceareawascalculatedandnumbersofroots,spikeletsandtillerswerecounted.BKOSandPKOShadsignificantlyshorterculmsthanKDML105andTKOS.ThelargestleafareawasfoundinKDML105followedbyTKOS,BKOSandPKOS,respectively.NumbersofrootsandtillersinBKOSandTKOSweresignificantlyfewerthanthoseinKDML105andPKOS.ThenumberofspikeletsperplantinBKOSwasthelowestamongallcultivars.Foranatomicalcomparison,crosssectionsofculmsandrootswereobserved.Allplantshadasimilararrangementoftissues,butthenumberandsizeofcellsweredifferent.Furthermore,longitudinalsectionsofculmsshowedthatthelengthsofepidermalandparenchymacellsweredirectlyrelatedwiththelengthoftheculm.Tocomparetheleaves,bothstomataandepidermalcellswerecountedandthelengthsoftheguardcellsweremeasured.ThelengthsofguardcellsofBKOSandPKOSwereshorter,butthestomataldensityandthestomatalindexweresignificantlygreaterthanthoseofKDML105.ForTKOS,thoughthelengthofguardcellswasshorterthanthatinKDML105,thedifferencewasnotsignificant.However,thestomataldensityandstomatalindexweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinKDML105.

简介：以植物乳杆菌P-8（Lactobacillusplantarumsubsp.plantarumP-8）亚油酸异构酶为研究对象,通过http：//swissmodel.expasy.org/,http：//smart.embl-heidelberg.de/和vecterNTI等在线工具与软件,对亚油酸异构酶进行生物信息学分析并预测与酶活性相关的位点,预测亚油酸异构酶的3个氨基酸可能为第68位甘氨酸、第107位精氨酸和第172位组氨酸。设计1对含突变的引物,以重组质粒pQE30-LAI为模板,利用PCR介导的定点突变技术构建突变体。经序列比对表明,成功构建了突变体G68A（甘氨酸突变为丙氨酸）、R107L（精氨酸突变为亮氨酸）和H172P（组氨酸突变为脯氨酸）,为进一步研究LAI的结构和功能奠定了基础。

简介：为明确480g/L毒死蜱乳油对苹果绵蚜及桃小食心虫的防治效果,特选取虫害发生较重的苹果园进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,480g/L毒死蜱乳油1500倍液药后21d对苹果棉蚜的防效最高可达89.70%,药后15d对桃小食心虫的防效最高可达94.34%,防效较好且对果树安全。

简介：我们使用了联合代理人改进在小麦稻草粒子和UF树脂之间的结合的能力的silane，并且调查了表面性质(wettability和表面粗糙)和用与由联合代理人内容和稻草/白杨木头粒子比率的silane影响了的白杨木头相结合的结合UF的小麦稻草(TriticumaestivumL.)做的particleboard的坚硬。我们在0，5%和10%的三个层次在稻草的四不同比率生产了一个分层的particleboard面板到白杨木头粒子(0%，15%，30%和45%小麦稻草)和silane联合代理人内容。粗糙大小，平均粗糙(R),平均数peak-to-valley高度(Rz),和根平均数平方粗糙(Rq)被使用跟踪技术的一支好尖笔在unsanded样品上测量。我们由使用连接到一个数字照相机和计算机系统的角度计获得了接触角度大小。包含白杨粒子的更大的数量的板与控制样品相比有优异坚硬并且有更低的wettability。与有的silane的更高的数量做的面板降低R<潜水艇class=“a-plus-plus”>q值。

简介：本研究利用以0—153为父本和SGK9708为母本构建的196个陆地棉重组自交系（F6：8）为材料对棉籽油分含量和蛋白质含量进行了遗传分析和QTL定位。通过四个环境下的群体材料的棉籽油分含量和蛋白质含量分析表明棉籽油分含量和蛋白质含量均为典型数量性状，其中棉籽油分含量存在超低亲本的超亲分离，而其蛋白质含量呈现超高亲本的超亲分离。相关性分析显示棉籽油分含量和蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关，同步提高两者在棉籽的的含量较为困难。基于包含186个标记，总长827．84cM，标记间平均距离4．45cM，覆盖棉花基因组18．6％的遗传连锁图谱，应用WinQTLcart2．5软件对四个环境下的棉籽油分含量和蛋白质含量进行了QTL定位，共检测到8个油分含量QTLs，解释表型变异5．42％～13．15％，其中稳定的QTL1个。4个蛋白质含量QTLs，解释表型变异4．35％～14．93％。本研究结果可为进行陆地棉种子营养品质性状的分子遗传改良奠定基础。

简介：我们用辣椒（Capsicumannuum）栽培种（已导入了灯笼椒CapsicumchinenseL^3基因）的种内F2代群体（2016株）和种间F2代群体（3391株）（由灯笼椒与Capsicumfrutescence杂交产生）对灯笼椒抗烟草花叶病毒属病毒的L^3基因进行定位。通过L^3基因抗性紧密相关的AFLP分子标记的BAC文库的分析，揭示出番茄抗病同源基因12的存在。通过简并PCR技术，对来自35株不同辣椒的同源基因12的部分或全部编码序列进行克隆，且在种间组合中产生了17个遗传标记。图谱显示：L^3基因位于12同源基因标记IH1—04和BAC—end标记189D23M中间，L^3基因定位于包含两个不同BAC重叠群的区内，这两个不同的BAC重叠群分别由4个和1个无性系组成。DNA纤维荧光原位杂交揭示这两个重叠群被约30kb隔开。DNA纤维荧光原位杂交结果和BAC无性系的Southern杂交表明在高度重复序列中富集包含L^3基因位点的区。Southern杂交表明两个BAC重叠群包含多于十个的12同源基因拷贝体。相反，对于种间F2代群体，，重组后代没有结合位点，在种内F2代群体中，该结合位点存在于两个不同的BAC重叠群内，这两个不同的BAC重叠群分别由7个和2个无性系组成。而且，两个群体间结合位点分配的不同表明在含有L基因位点的区域连锁不平衡。