简介:Afterthe1992UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiro,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenwidelyrecognizedallovertheworld.Morethan100countries,includingChina,haveadoptedsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesaccordingwiththeirownsituations.For20years,
简介:Theproblemofclimatechangeisaglobalchallenge.Itiscloselyassociatedwithsocialdevelopmentandhumansurvival,andithasasignificantimpacttoallcountriesonenergydevelopment,economiccompetitiveness,technologicalinnovation,andwayoflife.Inrecentyears,withtherapideconomicdevelopmentinChina,thereisarumorthattherapidgrowthofChina'scarbondioxideemissionoffsettheeffortsoftheinternationalcommunityinreducingemissions,andChinashouldbeartheinternationalresponsibilitycorrespondingtoitssignificantroleingreenhousegasemission,whichobviouslyareunfairandnotobjective.Asthispaperreveals,'Chinaenvironmentresponsibility'thatisthesocalled'Chinaenvironmentthreat'ortheories,ChinahasmadeapositivecontributiontoaddressingtheclimatechangeinthepastandChinawillstillbethebackboneontheprotectionofglobalclimateinthefuture.
简介:Inrecentyears,carbonemissionshavegraduallyevolvedfromanenvironmentissueintoapoliticalandeconomicone.Carbontariffhasbroughtaboutnewtradebarriersofdevelopedcountries,andinordertoenhancetheindustrialcompetitivenessofdevelopedcountries,itwillproduceunfavorableimpactondevelopingcountries.Concentratedonthemanufacturingindustry,whichisthemostintensivehigh-carbonindustryinChina’sexportstructure,thisarticlestudiestherelationshipbetweencarbontariffpolicyandindustrystructureofexporttradeandbuildsuparelationbetweenclimatechangeandinternationaltrade.First,bymeansofestablishingapartialequilibriummodel,itappliesgeometricanalysisandmathematicalanalysistocomputetheimpactonChina’smanufacturingexporttradeandtheconsequencesoftheintroductionoftheUScarbontarifftoChina’smanufacturingindustrythathasalreadyimposedadomesticshippingcarbontax.Furthermore,withtheapplicationoftheGTAPmodel,itestimatestheoveralleconomicandwelfareeffectsonChina’smanufacturingindustryiftheUSandEuropeintroducecarbontariffbymeansoffourways,andthenanalyzestheinfluenceonChina’smanufacturingindustryexportstructureandsocialwelfareaswell.TheresultshowsthattheintroductionoftheUScarbonimporttarifflowersChina’sexportpriceandexportvolume,andtheimplementationofadomesticcarbontaxjustifiesahigherexportpriceandalowerexportvolumeforChina.However,thedegreeofexportreductionissmallerthanthatundertheeffectoftheUScarbontariff.InthecaseofdevelopedcountriesimposingcarbontariffonChina’senergy-intensiveindustries,suchaschemicalrubberproducts,oilandcoal-processingindustryandpaperindustry,whoseexportwouldbereduced,thenegativeimpactonthepaperindustryistheseverest,whichwilldecreasethepaperindustry’sexportrangingfrom1.79%to6.05%,whereastheotherindustries’exportwillincrease.Anyhow,itwillpromoteChina�
简介:AllsevenemissionstradingpilotsinChinaoperateindependently.Onechallengefacingmostofthemisthelowinclusionthresholdsforenterprisesandthefewtotalcoveredemissions,whichnegativelyinfluencestheeffectsoftheemissionstradingsystems(ETSs).Somepilotsites,suchasGuangdong,Hubei,TianjinandBeijing,haveindicatedtheirwillingnesstolinktheirschemeswithothers.ETSlinkingcouldexpandschemecoveragesandthereforehelptoreducetheoverallcostsofachievingthelinkedschemes’emissionscontroltargets.Linkingcouldalsohelptoaddresstheissuesofcarbonleakageandreducepricefluctuations.Thepotentialbenefitsandfeasibilityoflinkingdifferentpilotsystemsareanalyzedinthisarticle.Thesevenpilotregionsareatdifferentstagesofsocialandeconomicdevelopment,withsignificantdifferencesintotalemissionsandemissionsstructuresaswellascarbonabatementpotentialsandcosts.Throughlinking,more-developedregionssuchasBeijing,ShanghaiandShenzhen,whicharetypicallyconsideredtofacehighermitigationcosts,willhavetheopportunitytoachievetheiremissionscontroltargetsbypurchasingcarbonunitsfromless-developedregions,whichwillearnfinancialrevenuesfromsellingtheunits.Torealizethiswin-winresult,aseriesofpolicyandtechnicalbarriersatboththecentralgovernmentandpilotgovernmentlevelsneedstobeovercome.Establishingaunifiednationalemissionstradingmarketwouldappeartobetheidealsolutiontothesechallenges,butitwilltakeconsiderabletimeandwillnotbetheshort-termsolution.Intheabsenceofaunifiednationalscheme,itisrecommendedthatthecentralgovernmentencouragepilotschemestolink,thatitdevelopscorrespondingnationalpoliciestosupportthelinkingeffortsandthatthepilotschemesthatareintendedtobelinkedcoordinateoncertaindesignelements.Basedonthecoordinatingneed,themajorelementsofanETScanbedividedintofourcategories:elementsthatneedmutualrecognition(capset
简介:ForChina,greenindustrialrevolutioninducedbyglobalclimatechangeposesnotonlythegreatestchallenge,butalsothegreatestopportunity.IntheperspectiveofChina'sbasicnationalconditions,andespeciallyitsnaturalconditions,China'sgreendevelopmentistheinevitablepathofchoicefortherealizationofsustainabledevelopmentandscientificdevelopment.TheessenceofChina'smodernization2050isgreenmodernization,takingthethree-stepstrategytowardsChina'sowngreendevelopmentandenergyconservationandemissionreduction.Incombinationwiththe12thFiveYearPlan,itsinnovativepositioningis'greendevelopmentplan'.
简介:Producinggoodsandservicesallneedswaterconsumption.Thewaterusedintheprocessofanagriculturalorindustrialproductiscalledthe"VirtualWater"containedinthisproduct.Throughinternationaltrade,water-scarcecountriesandregionscouldpurchasewater-intensiveproducts--especiallyfoods,fromwater-richcountriestobalancetheirwaterdeficitsandachievewatersafety.Chinaisoneofthe13mostwater-deficitcountrieswhosewatersafetyhavebeenseverelychallenged.Thispapergeneralizedtherecentglobalresearchdevelopmentandmadeabriefintroductionaboutthemethodscalculatingvirtualwatercontentinspecificproducts.Asacasestudy,wequalifiedChina'sannualvirtualwaterflowsfromyear2000to2002withtradeincrops,andendedwithsomepolicyadviceforapplicationandpracticeofvirtualwaterstrategy.
简介:TheEU,theUnitedStatesandothereconomies,withtheintentiontoimplementunilateraltrademeasuresBorderCarbonAdjustments,imposeemissionreductionpressureondevelopingcountries.Onceimplemented,themeasureswillhavegreatimpactonChina'sforeigntrade.Usingtheinput-outputtablein2007,thispaperhadanalyzedtheinfluencesonChina'sforeigntradeasawholeandsub-sectorsinthreetaxratesscenarios.TheresultsshowedthatthetarifflevelofChina'sexportswillincreaseby3.6%-6.3%ifthetaxwasleviedonexportsembodiedemissions,andby1.0%-1.7%ifleviedonexportdirectemissions.In2007,theformertotalamountofcarbontaxwasaboutUS$42.6-73.0billion,4timesthatofthelatter.Basedonexportembodiedemissions,sectorslargelyinfluencedwerenon-traditionalenergyintensiveones,suchastextile,etal.Thesesectorsshouldbeencour-agedtocarryoutindustrialupgrading,raisingthevalue-addedofexportgoods,andreducingtheirembodiedemissionsbyreductionofenergyintensity.Takingintoaccountofthecomplexityofdatacollection,thetaxleviedonproductsdirectemissionismoreoperational.Theresultsshowedthatthefivetopsectorsmostaffectedwereotherchemicalmaterials,processingofpetroleumandnuclearfuel,coking,smeltingandrollingofferrousmetalandtextile.Mostofthemwereenergyintensivesectors.Therefore,adjustingexportproductsstructure,andcontrollingtoofastdevelopmentofenergyintensiveindustriesarealsoimportantstrategiesinChina.
简介:Theindustrialsectorisusuallythelargesteconomysectorforcarbonemissionsinmanycountries,whichmadeitthesectorwithgreatestpotentialforcarbonreductionalthoughtheprocessdurationmightbeverylong.StudyingthepotentialofindustrialemissionreductionhasgreatsignificanceinestimatingthecarbonemissionpeakofChinaontheonehand,andadjustingitsstrategyininternationalclimatechangenegotiations.Byemployingtheeconomicaccountingmethod,thisarticleestimatestheemissionreductionpotentialofChina’sIndustrialsectorfortheperiodof2010-2050.Itrevealsthat,taking2030astheyearwhentheemissionreachesthepeak,thetotalreductioncanbe8.38billiontons(bts)fortheperiodof2010-2030,with3.12btsfromstructuralreductionwhile5.26btsfromintensityreduction.Afterwards,reductionwillcontinuewithatotalamountof6.59btsfortheperiodof2030-2050,wherethestructuralreductionaccountsfor2.47bts,andintensityreduction4.115bts.Ifbothindustrialandenergyconsumptionstructuresareimprovedduringtheaboveperiod,thereductionpotentialcanbeevengreater,e.g.theemissionpeakcanarrivefiveyearsearlier(intheyearof2025)andthepeakvaluecandeclinebyabout8%ascomparedtotheoriginalestimation.Reviewingthetrajectoryofemissionchangesindevelopedcountriesindicatesthattheindustrysectorcancontributetotheoverallreductiontargetsthroughthedualwheelsofstructuralreductionandintensityreduction,evenbeyondtheemissionpeak.Thisarticleconcludeswiththefollowingpolicysuggestions.(1)OurestimationontheemissionpeakoftheindustrialsectorsuggeststhatChinashouldavoidanycommitmentearlierthan2030onthetimelineoftheoverallemissionpeak;(2)thegreatpotentialofindustrialemissionreductioncanimprovethesituationofChinainclimatechangenegotiation,wheretheintensityreductioncanserveasanimportantpolicyoption.(3)Reductionpotentialcanbefurtherenhancedthroughtechnologyadv
简介:Aspartofacomprehensiveenvironmentalmanagementsystem,manycountriesestablishemissioncontroltargetsformassemissionsofapollutant.Suchtargetsareoftenthekeyobjectiveofanenvironmentalpolicy,suchasanemissiontradingprogram.InChina,however,itismorethanjustanobjectiveofoneparticularpolicy;ithasbecomeaconceptthathasinfluencedmanynationalenvironmentalpoliciesandactivities.Theobjectiveofthisarticleistoreviewtheimplementationofthetotalemissioncontrolpolicyinthepast10yearsandexploreemergingissuesinitsimplementation.Thearticlehasthreesections:asummaryoftheimplementationexperience,issueswiththedesignandimplementationofthepolicy,andpolicyrecommendations.
简介:Chinahaswitnessedrapideconomicdevelopmentsince1978,andduringthetime,energyproductionandconsumptiondevelopedatatremendousspeedaswell.EnergyefficiencywhichcanbemeasuredbyenergyconsumptionperunitofGDP,however,experiencedcontinuousdecrease.Theoretically,thechangeofenergyefficiencycanbeattributedtoindustrystructuralchangeandtechnologicalchange.InordertoexplainthetransformationofChineseenergyefficiency,weadoptlogarithmicmeanDivisiaindextechniquestodecomposechangesinenergyintensityintheperiodof1994-2005.Wefindthattechnologicalchangeisthedominantcontributorinthedeclineofenergyintensity,butthecontributionhasdeclinedsince2001.Thechangeinindustrystructurehasdecreasedtheenergyintensitybefore1998,butraisedtheintensityafter1998.Decomposedtechnologicaleffectsforallsectorsindicatethattechnologicalprogressesinhighenergyconsumingindustriessuchasrawchemicalmaterialsandchemicalproducts,smeltingandpressingofferrousmetals,manufactureofnon-metallicmineralproductsandhouseholdcontributearetheprincipaldriversofChina'sdecliningenergyintensity.
简介:Circularagricultureisanessentialwaytorealizethepositiverecyclingofecologyandharmoniousdevelopmentofthecountryconstruction.ThesustainabledevelopmentofBeijing'smountainareasdependsonthebackgroundandorientationofecologicaleconomy.Beijing'smountainareasbeartheresponsibilityofprotectingtheecologicalsafetyofthewholeBeijingdistrictandalsotheexplorationofcircularagricultureinmountainareasisveryimportanttopromotethesustainableuseofagricultureresources.Beijing'smountainareashavepossessedsomepracticalexperienceinrecyclingagriculturedevelopment.Throughsummarizingthedevelopmentmodeandanalyzingthedevelopmentpractice,thearticleputsforwardthreekeysegmentsofpromotingBeijingcircularagriculturedevelopment:strengthenpropagate,developsuperiorityandbuiltmanagementmechanism.
简介:Basedonthetotal-factorenergyefficiencyframework,thispapercalculatesChina'sindustrialenergyefficiencyandCO2emissionsreductionpotentialfrom2000to2009byutilizingthedirectionaldistancefunctionanddataenvelopmentanalysis.Theempiricalresultsshowthat:China'sindustrialoverallenergyefficiencyisrelativelylowerwhiletheemis-sionsreductionpotentialisrelativelygreater,giventheoptimumproductionfrontier.Significantindus-trialdisparitiesofenergyefficiencyandemissionsreductionpotentialexist.Energyefficiencyandemis-sionsreductionpotentialsignificantlyshowdifferenttendenciesofindustrialdynamicvariation.ThispapersuggeststheChinesegovernmentimposedifferentialcarbontaxes,flexiblyutilizecarbonmarketmecha-nism,strengthenenergy-savingtechnologicalR&D,promotetheutilizationofrenewableenergy,andstrengthenenvironmentalsupervisionandregulation,soastoimproveChina'sindustrialenergyefficiencyandreduceCO2emissions.
简介:Chinaispreparingtoestablishanationwidecarbonmarketin2017,andinordertofacilitatethisgoal,sevenpilotcarbonmarketshavebeenunderstudyforthepastfewyears.ThispapersummarizestheoperationexperienceandchallengesofthesevenpilotcarbonmarketsinChina.Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthattheessenceofacarbonmarketistosolveenvironmentalproblemsthroughmarketmechanisms,withenvironmentalbenefitbeingthefundamentalpurpose,marketmechanismbeingthekeymeasure,andpoliciesandregulationsbeinganimportantguaranteeforanorderlycarbonmarket.Therefore,thispaperconstructsanevaluationindexsystemcomposedof34detailedsub-indexesinthreedimensions,suchasenvironmentalconstraintforce,marketresourceallocationability,andsupportingpoliciesandfacilitycompleteness.Throughanalyzingtheoperationdatafrom2013to2016,theweightsofthesub-indexesareobtained.Inaddition,thestudyobtainsexperts’opinionsfromover10carbonpermitsexchanges,consultancyfirmsandresearchinstitutionsinChina,andconductsacomprehensiveevaluationonthedevelopmentdegreeofthesevenpilotcarbonmarkets.ResultsshowthatthepilotcarbonmarketsthatincludeprivateSMEsasthecoveredentitiesforemissionscontrolpresentrelativelyhigherenvironmentalconstraintforce.Buttoomanycoveredentitiescouldincreasethedifficultyofmarketperformancemanagement,whilethepilotsthatincludehighenergy-consumingstate-ownedenterprisesastheentitiesforemissionscontroldemonstrateaphenomenonof'highmarketcomplianceratewithlowtradingvolume'.TheresourceallocationcapabilityofChina’scarbonmarkethasnotbeeneffectivelybroughtintoplay,andlowdegreeofmarketparticipationhasbecomeanimportantconstraintfactorformarketdevelopment.Duetothelackoflawsandregulationsatthenationalmacro-level,thelegallybindingforceofthepilotmarketsconstructionisobviouslyinsufficient,andthesupportingpoliciesare
简介:Climatechangeandurbanizationissuesarethetwokeyfactorsthatmakehumansliabletobeaffectedbydisasters,whichareoverlappedinurbanagglomeration.ThefivebigurbanagglomerationsofChinawithstrongeconomicpoweraretheimportantenginesfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.However,beinginthesea-landmutualinteractionbeltswithavasthazard-bearingbody,theyareaffectedbysea-landcompounddisasters,andareliabletosufferheavydisasterlosseswithclimatechange.Itissuggestedthatgovernmentdepartmentsconcernedshouldfullyrecognizetheimpactofclimatechangeoncoastalurbanagglomerations,proposestrategiesassoonaspossible,andintegratetheimpactofclimatechangeandadaptationcountermeasuresintothevariouskindsofsocial-economicdevelopmentplansforcoastalurbanregions.
简介:China'scirculareconomyisstillattheinitialstage,whosedevelopmenthasmanydifficultiesandproblemsrequiringimmediateresolutiontheoreticallyandpractically.Duetothedifferencesofregionsonthescaleofland,endowmentofresources,economicbasisandculturalbackground,thedevelopmentallevelsandcapabilitiesofcirculareconomyareinevitablydifferent.Basedonestablishingtheindicatorsystemforassessingthedevelopmentallevelofregionalcirculareconomy,spatialvariationofChina'scirculareconomyismeasuredbythequantitativemeasurementusingprincipalcomponentanalysis,andtheexistingproblemsarealsoanalyzedanddiscussed.Ononehand,thedifferencesofthedevelopmentcapabilityofthecirculareconomyofdifferentprovinces(cities)areprofoundinChina;①Differencebetweenthefirstcategory(strong)andthesecondcategory(relativelystrong)is1.1264points.Differencebetweenthesecondcategoryandthethirdcategory(relativelyweak)is0.3867points.Differencebetweenthethirdcategoryandthefourthcategory(weak)is1.0238points.Differencebetweenthefirstcategoryandthefourthcategoryreachesupto2.0869points.Averagedifferencebetweentheareawherethedevelopmentallevelofcirculareconomyisrelativelystrongandtheareawherethedevelopmentallevelofcirculareconomyisrelativelyweakis1.3617points.②Thedifferencesofthedistributionoftheareas,withdifferentdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomy,whicharelocatedinthethreeeconomicregionsofChina,arealsoprofound.Theregionswitharelativelystrongdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomyaremainlylocatedintheeasterneconomicarea,whichaccountfor22.58%ofthewholeregions,whileonlyaccountfor12.90%inthemiddleandwesterneconomicareas.Onthecontrary,theregionswitharelativelyweakdevelopmentcapabilityofcirculareconomyaccountfor48.39%inthemiddleandwesternarea,whileaccountfor16.13%intheeasternarea.Ontheothe
简介:本文介绍了土壤生态筛选值的定义以及国外一些国家在污染土壤生态风险评估领域的相关土壤筛选值。由于地理生态、社会文化、行政法规以及标准制定的科学基础等差异使各国基于生态风险的土壤筛选值的制定方法各有特色,导致各国基于生态风险的土壤筛选值名称和筛选值之间存在较大差异。我国的生态风险评价研究起步较晚,目前还没有国家权威机构发布的诸如土壤生态筛选值、生态风险评价技术导则等文件。本文就目前国外一些权威机构推出的并得到广泛认可的相关标准、方法做简要介绍,就国际上不同国家的土壤生态筛选值的制定方法、理论体系、使用策略等进行详细描述,为我国制定相关筛选值的方法体系提供参考,旨在推动我国基于生态风险的污染土壤筛选值的建立和生态风险评估研究。