简介：Thermalmaturationandpetroleumgenerationmodelingofshalesisessentialforsuccessfulexplorationandexploitationofconventionalandunconventionaloilandgasplays.Forbasinwideunconventionalresourceplayssuchmodeling,whenwellcalibratedwithdirectmaturitymeasurementsfromwells,cancharacterizeandlocateproductionsweetspotsforoil,wetgasanddrygas.Thetransformationofkerogentopetroleumisassociatedwithmanychemicalreactions,butmodelstypicallyfocusonfirst-orderreactionswithratesdeterminedbytheArrheniusEquation.AmisconceptionhasbeenperpetuatedformanyyearsthataccuratethermalmaturitymodelingofvitrinitereflectanceusingtheArrheniusEquationandasingleactivationenergy,toderiveatime-temperatureindex(∑TTIARR),asproposedbyWood(1988),isflawed.ThisclaimwasinitiallymadebySweeneyandBurnham(1990)inpromotingtheir'EasyRo'method,andrepeatedbyothers.Thispaperdemonstratesthroughdetailedmulti-dimensionalburialandthermalmodelinganddirectcomparisonofthe∑TTIARRand'EasyRo'methodsthatthisisnotthecase.The∑TTIARRmethodnotonlyprovidesaveryusefulandsensitivematurityindex,itcanreproducethecalculatedvitrinitereflectancevaluesderivedfrommodelsbasedonmultipleactivationenergies(e.g.,'EasyRo').Throughsimpleexpressionsthe∑TTIARRmethodcanalsoprovideoilandgastransformationfactorsthatcanbeflexiblyscaledandcalibratedtomatchtheoil,wetgasanddrygasgenerationwindows.Thisisachievedinamore-computationally-efficient,flexibleandtransparentwaybythe∑TTIARRmethodthanthe'EasyRo'method.Analysisindicatesthatthe'EasyRo'method,usingtwentyactivationenergiesandaconstantfrequencyfactor,generatesreactionratesandtransformationfactorsthatdonotrealisticallymodelobservedkerogenbehaviourandtransformationfactorsovergeologictimescales.

简介：Aone-dimensionaltime-dependentphotochemicalmodelisusedtosimulatetheinfluenceofion-producedNOxandHOxradicalsontheAntarcticozonedepletioninpolarnightandpolarspringatalatitudeof73degreessouth.Verticaltransportandnitrogen-oxygen(NOx).hydrogen-oxygen(HOx)productionbyionicreactionshavebeenintroducedintothemodel.NOxandHOxproducedbyprecipitatingionsaretransportedintothelowerstratospherebyverticalmotionandhavesomeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftheAntarcticozonedepletion.Fromwinterthroughspringthecalculatedozonecolumndecreasesto269.4DU.However,thisvalueissignificantlyhigherthanthetotalozoneobservedatseveralAntarcticozonestations.

简介：Inthepastfewyears,three-dimensional(3-D)seismogramhasbecomeanessentialtoolfortheinterpretationofsubsurfacestratigraphyanddepositionalsystems.Seismicstratigraphyinconjunctionwithseismicgeomorphologyhaselevatedthedegreetowhichseismicdatacanfacilitategeologicalinterpretation,especiallyinadeepwaterenvironment.Technologiessuchastimeslicingandintervalattributeanalysiscanenhancegeomorphologicalinterpretations,and,whenintegratedwithstratigraphicanalyses,canyieldinsightsregardingdistributionofsealandreservoirfacies.Multipleattributescorenderingcanfurtherbringoutfeaturesofgeologicalinterestthatothertechnologiesmayoverlook.Thismethodinvolvescorenderspectraldecompositioncomponents(SDC)withsemblanceattributestodescribethedistributionofdeepwaterchannelelementsandtheboundariesofdeepwatersinuouschannel.Applyingthistechnologytofourelementsisobserved:(1)point-bars,(2)migrationofchannelmeanderloops,(3)channelerosion/cut,and(4)avulsion.Theplanviewexpressionofthedeepwaterchannelrangesfromlowsinuositytohighsinuosity.Furthermore,thistechnologyhasenabledinterpreterstovisualizedetailsofcomplexdepositionalelementsandcanbeusedtopredictnet-to-grossratioinchannelsystems,whichcanbeincorporatedintoboreholeplanningforexplorationaswellasdevelopmentneedstoimproveriskmanagementsignificantly.Thetechnologyisappliedtothestudyareainanefforttoillustratethevarietyofinterpretationtechnologiesavailabletothegeoscientist.

简介：象lumped参数模型那样的分离模型和有限元素模型广泛地在地震的土壤扩大的解决方案被使用。然而，任何一个模型都精确地不估计土壤沉积物的自然频率，也不模仿一抑制频率独立。这研究基于模式等价方法为分层的土壤沉积物的一个维的粘弹性的反应分析开发一个新分离模型。新分离模型是一系列集中的群众，弹簧和缓冲筒与一种特殊配置描绘的一个一个维的相等的multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF)系统。相等的MDOF系统的动态反应是导出的经分解，物理参数以形式的性质被提出。相等的MDOF系统与可得到的理论解决方案通过扩大函数的比较被验证。在相等的MDOF系统的自由(DOF)的度的适当数字被估计。有存在的相等的MDOF系统的比较研究分离模型被执行。建议相等的MDOF系统罐头确切介绍土壤存款抑制的自然频率和hysteretic并且向更精确的结果提供更少DOF，这被显示出。

简介：Asemi-implicit3-Dnumericalformulationforsolvingnon-hydrostaticpressurefree-surfaceflowsonanunstructured,sigmagridisproposed.Pressure-splittingand9semi-implicitmethodsareinheritedandreformedfromCasulli'sz-coordinateformulation.Thenon-orthogonalsigma-coordinatetransformationleadstoadditionalterms.Theresultinglinearsystemforthenon-hydrostaticcorrectionisdiagonallydominantbutunsymmetric,anditissolvedbytheBiCGstabmethod.Incontrastwithz-coordinatenon-hydrostaticmodels,thenewmodelfitsverticalboundariesmuchbetter,whichisimportantforthelong-timesimulationofsedimenttransportandriverbeddeformation.Alock-exchangedensityflowiscomputedtodeterminewhetherthenewschemeisabletosimulatenon-hydrostaticfree-surfaceflows.ThenewmodelisfurtherverifiedusingthefielddataofanaturalriverbendofthelowerYangtzeRiver.Goodagreementbetweensimulationsandearlierresearchresults,fielddataisobtained,indicatingthatthenewmodelisapplicabletohydraulicprojectsinrealrivers.

简介：Thepaperpresentsthe3DfiniteelementsimulationoftidalflowandSedimenttransportintheestuarineregionoftheHaiheriver.Theproposedmodeladoptssigma-transformationofthehydrodynamicandsedimenttransportequations.Thehydrodynamicandsedimenttransportmodelsareverifiedincaseofasimpletestproblemforwhichanalyticalsolutionsareavailable.FinallythemodelsareappliedtomuddyHaiheriverestuaryofNorthChinaanditisclaimedthathydrodynamicandsedimenttransportmodelsgiveareliablecomparisonwiththeobservedfielddata.However,therearecertaindiscrepancies,andsomereasonablequestionsregardingthepresentstate-of-art,inthemodelingofthree-dimensionalmultilevelhydrodynamicsandsedimenttransport,whichareprovidedbelowforanswer.