简介：Background:Estimationoftreediversityatbroaderscaleisimportantforconservationplanning.Treediversityshouldbemeasuredandunderstoodintermsofdiversityandevenness,twointegralcomponentstodescribethestructureofabiologicalcommunity.Variationofthetreediversityandevennesswithelevation,topographicrelief,aspect,terrainshape,slope,soilnutrient,solarradiationetc.arewelldocumented.Methods:Presentstudyexploresthevariationoftreediversity(measuredasShannondiversityandevennessindices)ofMajellaNationalPark,Italywithfiveavailableforesttypesnamelyevergreenoakwoods,deciduousoakwoods,black/aleppopinestands,hop-hornbeamforestandbeechforest,usingsatellite,environmentalandfielddata.Results:Hop-hornbeamforestwasfoundtobemostdiverseandevenwhileevergreenOakwoodswasthelowestdiverseandeven.Diversityandevennessofforesttypeswereconcurrenttoeachotheri.e.foresttypewhichwasmorediversewasalsomoreeven.Asabroadpattern,majorityportionofthestudyareabelongedtomediumdiversityandhighevennessclass.Conclusions:SateliteimagesandotherGISdataprovedusefultoolsinmonitoringvariationoftreediversityandevennessacrossvariousforesttypes.PresentstudyfindingsmayhaveimplicationsinprioritizingconservationzonesofhightreediversityatMajela.

简介：低氮(N)可获得性经常导致桉树类种植园的减少的生产率。我们学习了四桉树类种植园的反应(E的二种植园。沿海的低地上的tereticornis，和E的二种植园。宏大在西方的Ghats的高地区域，Kerala，印度)到N增加并且象N可获得性的另外的索引一样联系了这回答到季节的N矿化作用，为了检验土壤的用途，为预言桉树类生长的反应到增加的N化肥基于N矿化作用的指示物。几生物化学的指示物被检验让他们的能力预言反应到N化肥，包括全部的土壤N，土壤C:在厌氧、氧气的孵化期间释放的N比率，和N。结果证明氮化肥增加从7%～70%越过4个地点增加了生产率，在氧气的孵化期间释放的N越过4个地点(R2=0.92,p<0.01)与化肥反应有最高的关联，并且那建模的季节的土壤Nmineralisation比在氧气的孵化期间释放的N是化肥反应的一个更差的预言者。虽然一些这些指示物是有希望的，他们需要更宽的确认并且在他们能是以前，测试习惯性地适用。

简介：为森林生态系统和森林依赖者社区的气候变化危险评价(VA)工具为在社会、自然的系统上使决定和理解成为气候变化的影响是重要的。然而，工具糟糕被协调，为适当地执行管的决策者使它困难。这研究的目的是分析世界范围的VA文学以方法发现代表性的案例研究，工具适用并且它在在森林和森林依赖者社区上执行管是成功的。所有成功的VA研究分析了象重要资助，数据可获得性和技术能力那样的有的普通特征。一个另外的特征是由联合质、量的方法考虑了生态系统和社区的危险的一条综合途径的发展。社区成员和相关股东显著地涉及与改编措施的鉴定得出结论的一个提供参加机会的过程。案例研究也揭示了决策者们怎么需要选择合适的方法和工具承担对危险的有效评价。他们需要认为几是象主题，资源的可获得性，时间和规模那样的VA过程的方面。

简介：Background:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminetheclimaticsensitivityoftheradialgrowthresponseof13easternwhitepine(PinusstrobusL.)provenancesplantedatseventestsitesthroughoutthenorthernpartofthespecies’nativedistributionineasternNorthAmerica.Methods:Thetestsites(i.e.,Wabeno,Wisconsin,USA;Manistique,Michigan,USA;PineRiver,Michigan,USA;Newaygo,Michigan,USA;TurkeyPoint,Ontario,Canada;Ganaraska,Ontario,Canada;andOrono,Maine,USA)examinedinthisstudywerepartofarange-widewhitepineprovenancetrialestablishedintheearly1960sintheeasternUnitedStatesandCanada.Principalcomponentsanalysis(PCA)wasusedtoexaminethemainmodesofvariation[first(PC1)andsecond(PC2)principalcomponentaxes]inthestandardizedradialgrowthindicesoftheprovenancesateachtestsite.TheyearscoresforPC1andPC2wereexaminedinrelationtoanarrayoftestsiteclimatevariablesusingmultipleregressionanalysistoexaminethecommonalityofgrowthresponseacrossallprovenancestotheclimateofeachtestsite.ProvenanceloadingsonPC1andPC2werecorrelatedwithgeographicparameters(i.e.,latitude,longitude,elevation)andasuiteofbiophysicalparametersassociatedwithprovenanceoriginlocation.Results:TheamountofvariationinradialgrowthexplainedbyPC1andPC2rangedfrom43.4%to89.6%.Dendroclimaticmodelsrevealedthatwhitepineradialgrowthresponsestoclimatewerecomplexanddifferedamongsites.Thekeydendroclimaticrelationshipsobservedincludedsensitivitytohightemperatureinwinterandsummer,coldtemperatureinthespringandfal(i.e.,beginningandendofthegrowingseason),summermoisturestress,potentialsensitivitytostorminduceddamageinspringandfal,andbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsofhigherwintersnowfal.Separationoftheloadingsofprovenancesonprincipalcomponentaxeswasmainlyassociatedwithtemperature-relatedbioclimaticparametersofprovenanceoriginat5ofth