简介：ＴｈｅＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａＰａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｏｒｙＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｉｎｔｈｅＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＳａｎｄｙＰａｓｔｕｒｅＬａｎｄＢｙＬｏｎｇＺｈｉｐｕＹａｎｃｈｉＣｏｕｎｔｙｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｏｒｄ...

简介：TheBenefitsApproachtoLeisure(BAL),recognizedasamajorandbadlyneeded"paradigmshift"inthewayweconceiveofandmanagerecreationresources,isbelievedtoplayabigroleinachievingthesustainabledevelopmentoftourismindustry.BALhasbeenprovedtobeeffectiveandefficientinthefieldofleisureandtourismintermsofitsthreetypesofbenefitsandtwostagesofproduction.Thispaper,usingAquaZooinFriesland,theNetherlandsasacase,investigatesthesignificanceofBALto...

简介：Thepaperwasbasedonthecurrentdevelopmentstatusofforestcertificationtoanalyzethebasiccharacteristicsofforestcertificationfromthedevelopmentpointofviewintermsoforigin,development,maindriversandimpacts,andthenconductedtheapproachanalysistopromotesustainableforestmanagementwithforestcertificationinChina.TheresultshowedthatChinashallestablishherownforestcertificationscheme,withthefocusontheimprovementofforestsustainablemanagementconceptthro...

简介：TheeconomicbenefitsandoptimalrotationageofLarixkaempferipulpwoodplantationwereanalyzedunderstochasticpulpwoodpriceusingrealoptionsapproachinordertomoreeffectivelymanagementtoL.kaempferipulpwoodplantationinnorthernsub-tropicalalpinearea.Flexiblerotationageandthresholdpricetodifferentstandageofdifferentsiteindexplantationweredeveloped.Theresultindicatedthat:1)theoptimalrotationageofL.kaempferiplantationinsiteindex15,17,19,21was25,23,21and19a,respectively,asthecurrentpulpwoodpriceequals500yuan·m-3,andtheshortestrotationagewas23,20,17and15awhenfacingtobetterprice;and2)Waitoptionshouldbetheoptimumstrategyinanypulpwoodpricelevelwhenthestandageislowerthantheshortestrotationage.

简介：Background:Bioenergyisre-shapingopportunitiesandimperativesofforestmanagement.Thisstudydemonstrates,throughacasestudyinScotspine(PinussylvestrisL.),howforestbioenergypoliciesaffectstandmanagementstrategies.Methods:Optimizationstudieswereexaminedfor15Scotspinestandsofdifferentinitialstanddensities,sitetypes,andtemperaturesumregionsinFinland.StanddevelopmentwasmodeledusingthePipeQualstandsimulatorcoupledwiththesimulation-optimizationtoolOptiForBioenergytoassessthreeforestbioenergypoliciesonenergywoodharvestfromearlythinnings.Results:Theoptimalsolutionsmaximizingbarelandvalueindicatethatconventionalforestmanagementregimesremainoptimalforsparsestands.Energyharvestsoccurredonlywhenprofitable,ledtolowerfinancialreturns.Aforestbioenergypolicywhichincludedcompulsoryenergywoodharvestingwasoptimalfordenserstands.Atahigherinterestrate(4%),increasingenergywoodpricepostponedenergywoodharvesting.Inaddition,ourresultsshowthatearlythinningsomewhatreducedwoodqualityforstandsinfertilesites.Forlessfertilesites,thechangeswereinsignificant.Conclusions:Aconstraintofprofitableenergywoodharvestisnotrational.Itisoptimaltocarryoutthefirstthinningwithaflexibleforestbioenergypolicydependingonstanddensity.

简介：描述的这篇论文主要理想的四个基本模型作为Kunlunshan模型，在山Lushan国家公园美化Xumishan模型，基督教徒桃树花陆地模型，模型。在有象东方山谷的东方格罗夫庙，白鹿洞学院，简洁和宁静庙宇，Lushan山谷，和别墅簇一样的理想的风景特征的山Lushan的五个典型地方被分析，并且为每个地方的基本模型的集成被讨论让现实主义的风景遵循理想的需要。而且，讨论也包含了在资源，文化，结构，函数，进程，规模和区域被展示的理想的风景的特征。在结论，在山Lushan国家公园的理想的风景是在人和自然之间的相互作用的产品。山Lushan与超过1000年的历史继承中国传统的文化的本质；并且它也在不同文化之中和冲突和改编象在自然和人文学科之间的交换一样吸收西方的文化的吗哪。自然风景能被生态的计划的方法对幸存需求和人类的文化味觉满意。

简介：WeusedagoalprogrammingtechniquetodeterminetheoptimalharvestvolumefortheIranianCaspianforest.Wecollecteddataincludingvolume,growth,woodpriceatforestroadside,andvariableharvestingcosts.Theallometricmethodwasusedtoquantifysequestratedcarbon.Regressionanalysiswasusedtoderivegrowthmodels.Expectedmeanpricewasestimatedusingwoodpriceandvariableharvestingcosts.Questionnairewasusedtodeterminetheconstraintsandtheequationcoefficientsofthegoalprogrammingmodel.Theoptimalvolumewasdeterminedusingthegoalprogrammingmethodaccordingtomultipurposeforestmanagement.LINGOsoftwarewasusedforanalysis.Resultsindicatedthattheoptimumvolumesofspecieswere250.25m3?ha-1forbeech,59m3?ha-1forhornbeam,73m3?ha-1foroak,41m3?ha-1foralder,and32m3?ha-1forotherspecies.Thetotaloptimumvolumeis455.25m3?ha-1.

简介：Background:Monitoringforesthealthandbiomassforchangesovertimeintheglobalenvironmentrequirestheprovisionofcontinuoussatelliteimages.However,opticalimagesoflandsurfacesaregenerallycontaminatedwhencloudsarepresentorrainoccurs.Methods:Toestimatetheactualreflectanceoflandsurfacesmaskedbycloudsandpotentialrain,3DsimulationsbytheRAPIDradiativetransfermodelwereproposedandconductedonaforestfarmdominatedbybirchandlarchinGenheCity,DaXing’AnLingMountaininInnerMongolia,China.Thecanopyheightmodel(CHM)fromlidardatawereusedtoextractindividualtreestructures(location,height,crownwidth).Fieldmeasurementsrelatedtreeheighttodiameterofbreastheight(DBH),lowestbranchheightandleafareaindex(LAI).SeriesofLandsatimageswereusedtoclassifytreespeciesandlandcover.MODISLAIproductswereusedtoestimatetheLAIofindividualtrees.CombiningalltheseinputvariablestodriveRAPID,high-resolutionopticalremotesensingimagesweresimulatedandvalidatedwithavailablesatelliteimages.Results:Evaluationsonspatialtexture,spectralvaluesanddirectionalreflectancewereconductedtoshowcomparableresults.Conclusions:Thestudyprovidesaproof-of-conceptapproachtolinklidarandMODISdataintheparameterizationofRAPIDmodelsforhightemporalandspatialresolutionsofimagereconstructioninforestdominatedareas.

简介：Anintegratedremotesensing(RS)andgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)techniquewasemployedtocharacterizethespatialdistributionoftheriskofsoilerosionbywateronLatakiadistrict,Syria.Theuniversalsoillossequation(USLE)wasusedtocalculatetheannualsoillossratesforLatakiasoils.Mainly,remotesensingdata,soilsurvey,landuseinventory,elevationdataandclimaticatlasesareusedasresourcedatasetstogenerateUSLEfactorvalues.TheresultsrevealedthatintegrationofGIS/RSwithUSLEwasapracticalandeffectiveapproachformonitoringsoilerosionoverlargeareas.

简介：Stochasticfrontierproductionfunctionapproachisadopted,93farmersampleshavebeencollected,pureefficiency,technicalefficiency,technicalchangeandscaleefficiencyandtheinstitutionalcontributionhavebeencalculated.Theresultsindicatedthatincreasingproductivityisthesolemeasurementtoreducepoverty,institutionandtechnicalchangearethetwokeyfactors.Therefore,stableinstitution,improvingtechnicalchangesarerequired.Atpresent,itisurgenttomaketechnicalprogre...

简介：Background:Theimportanceofstructurallydiverseforestsfortheconservationofbiodiversityandprovisionofawiderangeofecosystemserviceshasbeenwidelyrecognised.However,toolstoquantifystructuraldiversityofforestsinanobjectiveandquantitativewayacrossmanyforesttypesandsitesarestillneeded,forexampletosupportbiodiversitymonitoring.Theexistingapproachestoquantifyforeststructuraldiversityarebasedonsmallgeographicalregionsorsingleforesttypes,typicallyusingonlysmalldatasets.Results:HerewedevelopedanindexofstructuraldiversitybasedonNationalForestInventory(NFI)dataofBadenWurttemberg,Germany,astatewith1.3millionhaofdiverseforesttypesindifferentownerships.Basedonaliteraturereview,11aspectsofstructuraldiversitywereidentifiedaprioriascruciallyimportanttodescribestructuraldiversity.Aninitialcomprehensivelistof52variablesderivedfromNationalForestInventory(NFI)datarelatedtostructuraldiversitywasreducedbyapplyingfiveselectioncriteriatoarriveatonevariableforeachaspectofstructuraldiversity.Thesevariablescomprise1)quadraticmeandiameteratbreastheight(DBH),2)standarddeviationofDBH,3)standarddeviationofstandheight,4)numberofdecayclasses,5)bark-diversityindex,6)treeswithDBH>40cm,7)diversityoffloweringandfructification,8)averagemeandiameterofdowneddeadwood,9)meanDBHofstandingdeadwood,10)treespeciesrichnessand11)treespeciesrichnessintheregenerationlayer.Thesevariableswerecombinedintoasimple,additiveindextoquantifythelevelofstructuraldiversity,whichassumesvaluesbetween0and1.Weappliedthisindexinanexemplarywaytobroadforestcategoriesandownershipstoassessitsfeasibilitytoanalysestructuraldiversityinlarge-scaleforestinventories.Conclusions:Theforeststructureindexpresentedherecanbederivedinasimilarwayfromstandardinventoryvariablesformostotherlarge-scaleforestin

简介：Chinaisgloballyacknowledgedas'KingdomofBamboo',andZhejiangProvinceisnationallyrecognizedasthefirstprovinceofbambooinChina.SystematicandoverallanalysisismadebytheapproachofcasestudyonwhyZhejiangcangetsuchamarvelousachievementsoastoprovidesignificantreferencesandinstructionsforbamboodevelopmentforothercountrieswhodesiretolearntechnologiesandknow-howfromChina.Themaincontributionsareconcludedasbelow:1)Quickprogressofbambootechnologyprovidesastrongback-upforbambooindustrydevelopment;2)Governmentalsupportspromotethebalanceddevelopmentofbambooindustry,includingfavorablepolicy,financialsupport;3)Goodrelationofbamboocultivationandprocessing;4)Specialsoci-economicandhumanitarianadvantagesforbamboodevelopment,includinggoodexportenvironment,dynamicprivateeconomy,bambooindustryzone,excellenttalentsofbamboo;and5)Quickexpansionofinternationalanddomesticbamboomarketstimulatesanddrivesthedevelopmentofbambooindustry

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