简介:Consideringtheefectsofosmoticpressure,elasticbending,Maxwellpressure,surfacetension,aswellasfexo-electricanddielectricpropertiesofphospholipidmembrane,theshapeequationforspherevesicleinalternation(AC)electricfeldisderivedbasedontheliquidcrystalmodelbyminimizingthefreeenergyduetocoupledmechanicalandACelectricalfelds.Besidestheefectofelasticbending,theinfuenceofosmoticpressureandsurfacetensiononthefrequencydependentbehaviorofvesiclemembraneinACelectricfeldisalsodiscussed.Ourtheoreticalresultsformembranedeformationareconsistentwithcorrespondingexperiments.Thepresentmodelprovidesthepossibilitytofurtherdisclosethefrequency-dependedbehaviorofbiologicalcellsinthecoupledACelectricanddiferentmechanicalfelds.
简介:Inthelightofφ-mappingmethodandtopologicalcurrenttheory,theeffectofdisclinationlinesonthefreeenergydensityofnematicliquidcrystalsisstudied.ItispointedoutthatthetotalFrankfreeenergydensitycanbedividedintotwoparts.Oneisthedistortedenergydensityofdirectorfieldaroundthedisclinationlines.Theotheristhesaddle-splayenergydensity,whichisshowntobecentralizedatthedisclinationlinesandtobetopologicallyquantizedintheunitofkπ/2whentheJacobiandeterminantofthedirectorfielddoesnotvanishatthesingularitiesofthedirectorfield.ThetopologicalquantumnumbersaredeterminedbytheHopfindicesandBrouwerdegreesofthedirectorfieldatthedisclinationlines,i.e.,thedisclinationstrengthes.WhentheJacobiandeterminantvanishes,thegeneration,annihilation,intersection,splittingandmergingprocessesofthesaddle-splayenergydensityaredetailedintheneighborhoodsofthelimitpointsandbifurcationpoints,respectively.Itisshownthatthedisclinationlinewithhightopologicalquantumnumberisunstableandwillevolvetothelowtopologicalquantumnumberstatesthroughthesplittingprocess.
简介:Lowtemperatureliquidphaseepitaxyofsiliconthinfilmswassuccessfullycarriedoutatatemperatureof(400-500)℃,usingAu/BialloyasaSi-saturatedSnsolutionwasusedtoprotectthesubstratesurface,preventingeffectivelytheoxidationofsilicon.ThegrownSithinfilmswereidentifiedbySEM,AESandC-Vmeasurements.
简介:NanocrystallineNi粉末成功地被制作由机械地在有1个wt.%Y_2O_3粒子的低温实验法的温度(cryomilling)的milling。试验性的结果证明了Ni谷物尺寸面对Y_2O_3粒子在cryomilling的2h以后被归结为25nm。cryomilledNi/Y_2O_3粉末能维持他们的nanocrystalline结构直到900℃,否则融化中的62%个Ni指。有约100nm的athermally稳定的谷物尺寸的体积nanocrystallineNi/Y_2O_3材料被cryomilling生产,冷均衡说的紧迫,由热均衡说的压列在后面。体积nanocrystallineNi/lwt.%Y_2O_3的微坚硬是315DPH,它二倍高于常规Ni的。
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简介:Thispaperstudiesthecharacteristicsoflarchbarkpyrolysisandanalyzesfactorsthataffectthepyrolysisandtheliquidpyrolyticcomponent.Theresultsareasfollows:TGcurveshowsthatthepyrolysiscanbedividedintothreeparts:dryingprocess,pyrolyticprocess,andcarbonateandcalcinatedprocess.BoththesizeofgrainandthetemperaturerisingrateaffecttheshapeofTGandDTG.Vinegarandsedimentarytararemaincomponentsofpyrolyzateproducts.GC-MSisappliedtoanalyzevinegar.Itisshownthatthevinegarisahighlycomplexcompoundwhichiscomposedofphenolanditsderivatives(45.620%),organicacid(13.851%),ketoderivatives(9.754%),aldehydicderivatives(8.573%),alcoholicderivatives(1.794%),esteranditsderivatives(0.205%).
简介:Currentlytheclinicalmanagementofbreastcancerreliesonrelativelyfewprognostic/predictiveclinicalmarkers(estrogenreceptor,progesteronereceptor,HER2),basedonprimarytumorbiology.Circulatingbiomarkers,suchascirculatingtumorDNA(ctDNA)orcirculatingtumorcells(CTCs)mayenhanceourtreatmentoptionsbyfocusingontheverycellsthatarethedirectprecursorsofdistantmetastaticdisease,andprobablyinherentlydifferentthantheprimarytumor'sbiology.Toshiftthecurrentclinicalparadigm,assessingtumorbiologyinrealtimebymolecularlyprofilingCTCsorctDNAmayservetodiscovertherapeutictargets,detectminimalresidualdiseaseandpredictresponsetotreatment.Thisreviewservestoelucidatethedetection,characterization,andclinicalapplicationofCTCsandctDNAwiththegoalofprecisiontreatmentofbreastcancer.
简介:Acomparativestudyoftheneedle-to-liquidplasmainthecontinuousmodewithDCandACexcitationsisdetailedinthispaper.Allplasmasstudiedhereareshowntobeglowdischarges.Thisstudyisbasedonmeasurementsofseveralkeyparameters,includingelectricalenergy,opticalemissionintensitiesofactivespecies,rotationalandvibrationaltemperatures,andtemperaturesoftheneedleandliquidelectrodes.ACplasmascanproduce1.2~5timeshigherexcitedstateactivespeciesthanDCplasmasunderthesamedissipatedpower.ACexcitedliquidplasmashavethehighestenergyutilizationefficiencyamongthethreesystems(ACexcitedplasmas,DCexcitedplasmaswithwateranodeandDCexcitedplasmaswithwatercathode);mostoftheenergyisusedtoproduceusefulspeciesratherthantoheattheelectrodesandplasmas.
简介:Thefinalgoaloffusionenergyresearchistomakeiteconomicallycompetitiveandthecostofelectricity(COE)aslowasacceptablebytheenergymarket.Thereforethefusionplasmahastobeoperatingwithhighpowerdensityandtheplasmafacingcomponents(PFC),suchasfirstwallanddivertor,havetosustainhighsurfaceheatloadandbombardmentwithhighparticleflux.SuchrigorousenvironmentsconsequentiallyleadtoseveredamageanderosionofPFCmaterials.Asaresult,thelifetimeofPFCwouldbeshortened.
简介:Discussionispresentedontheuseofthephotoisomerizationofazobenzenechromophoreinthedesignandpreparationofnovelfunctionalmaterials.Thetwosystemsreviewedareazobenzenepolymer-stabilizedliquidcrystalsandazobenzeneelastomers.Inthefirstcase,apolymernetworkcontainingazobenzenemoietiesisusedtoopticallyinduceandstabilizealong-rangeliquidcrystalorientationwithouttheneedoftreatingthesurfacesofthesubstrates.Thisopticalandrubbing-freeapproachwasappliedtonematicandferroelectricliquidcrystals.Inthesecondcase,anazobenzeneside-chainliquidcrystallinepolymerisgraftedontoastyrene-butadiene-styrenetriblockcopolymertoyieldaphotoactivethermoplasticelastomer.Coupledmechanicalandopticaleffectsmakepossibletheformationofdiffractiongratingsthatmaybeusefulformechanicallytunableopticaldevices.
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简介:Onthebasisoftheexperimentalworkofadhesion(W)data,theadhesionbetweentransitionmetalcar-bidesandpureliquidmetalswhichdonotreactwithcarbidesisstudied.Inviewofgreatscatteringoftheex-perimentalvaluesofW,acriticalanalysisoftheseresultsisperformed.TheselectedWvaluesfor9copper/carbidesystemsand6metal/TiCsystemsareusedtodiscussthevarioussuggestionsconcerningthemechanismofadhesionandtoevidencetheroleofthevalenceelectronsofthebothcarbideandmetalontheinteractionsbetweenmetalsandcarbides.Theinteractionsbetweenametalandacarbideareessentiallymetal-licinteractions,resultingfromtheoverlappingofthevalenceelectronsatthemetal/carbideinterface.
简介:Amulti-bubbledynamicscodeaccountingforgasdiffusionintheliquidandthroughthebubblewallwasdevelopedandusedtostudythemodificationofabubblenucleipopulationdynamicsbyapropeller.ThepropellerflowfieldwasobtainedusingaReynolds-AveragedNavier-Stokes(RANS)solverandbubblenucleipopulationswerepropagatedinthisfield.Thenumericalpro-cedureenabledestablishmentofthepossibilityofproductionbehindthepropellerofrelativelylargevisiblebubblesstartingfromtypicaloceannucleisizedistributions.Theresultinglargerbubblesareseentoclusterinthebladewakesandtipvortices.Parametricinvestigationsoftheinitialnucleisizedistribution,thedissolvedgasconcentration,andthecavitationnumberwereconductedtoide-ntifytheireffectsonbubbleentrainmentandtheresultantvoidfractionsandbubbledistributionmodificationsdownstreamfromthepropeller.Imposedsyntheticturbulence-likefluctuationsuntotheaverageRANSflowfieldwerealsousedtostudytheeffectavera-gingintheRANSprocedurehasontheresults.
简介:Theresultsof118REEanalysesofLi-FgranitesfromSouthChinaandothercountriesindicatethattherearethreevariationtypesofREEpatterncurveswithdifferentevolutiontrendsfromearlytolatestagesofLi-FgranitecomplexoffromlowertoupperpetrofaciesoftheLi-Fgranitebody;(1)thedecreasing,(2)theincreasing,and(3)thesaltatoryvariationtypes.Thefirstvariationtypeiscalledthepositiveevolutiontype,attributedtocrystallizationdifferentiation.Thesecondiscalledthereversionevolutiontype.whichrepresentsliquidsegreationdominatedbyvapor-liquiddistillation.Thethirdiscalledthesaltatoryvariationtype,whichisformedfromliquidsegregationdominatedbyimmiscibilty,Therefore,theindicaticesofliquidsegregationdominatedbyimmiscibilityarethesaltatoryvariationtypeofREEpatternevolutionandtheseparationofthemainevolutiontrendlineseitherfromthesub-evolutiontrendlinesorfromthecompositionpointsofLi-FgranitesinthediagramsofREE-(La-Yb)NandLa/Sm-La,Theindicatricesofliquidsegregationdominatedbyvapor-liquidfractionaldistillationarethereverstionevolutiontypeofREEpatterncurvesandthemainevolutiontrendlinesofLi-Fgranitesdirectingtotheupperright-handontheREE-La/Yb)NandLa/Sm-Ladiagrams.
简介:AluminumandTefloncylindricalparticleswithflatendsaredroppedinaqueousPolyoxsolutions.Theterminalequilibriumorientationoftheparticlesischaracterizedbythetiltangle,a,formedbythemajoraxisofthecylinderwiththehorizontal.ItisobservedthatαisafunctionoftheaspectratioL=L/d,whereListhelengthanddisthediameterofthecylinder,andthatitvariescontinuouslyfromacertainangle,α0,to90°,asLincreasestowardavalueL0.Foragivenshape,bothα0andL0dependonthedensityofthecylinderandthepropertiesoftheliquidused.FortheparticleswehaveconsideredthevalueofL0isoftheorderof2,This“tilt-anglephenomenon”disappearsassoonastheendsofthecylinderareround.Specifically,cylindersofthesamedensityandwiththesameaspectratiobutwithroundends.whendroppedinthesamepolymericsolutionwillreachafinalorientationwithα=90°.Therefore,thistilt-anglephenomenonseemstobetightlyrelatedtotheshapeoftheparticle.