简介：Theestablishmentofaglobalmulti-regionalcarbonmarketisconsideredtobeacosteffectiveapproachtofacilitateglobalemissionabatementandhasbeenwidelyconcerned.TheongoingplannedlinkagebetweentheEuropeanUnion’scarbonmarketandanewemissiontradingsysteminAustraliain2015wouldbeanimportantattempttothepracticeofbuildingupaninternationalcarbonmarketacrossdifferentregions.Tounderstandtheabatementeffectofsuchaglobalcarbonmarketandtostudyitsenergyandeconomicimpactondifferentmarketparticipants,thisarticleadoptsaglobaldynamiccomputablegeneralequilibriummodelwithadetailedrepresentationoftheinteractionsbetweenenergyandeconomicsystems.Ourmodelincludes20economicsectorsand19regions,anddescribesindetail17energytechnologies.Bundledwithfossilfuelconsumptions,theemissionpermitsareconsideredtobeessentialinputsineachoftheproductionandconsumptionactivitiesintheeconomicsystemtosimulateglobalcarbonmarketpolicies.Carbonemissionpermitsareendogenouslysetinthemodel,andcanbetradedbetweensectorsandregions.Consideringthecurrentdevelopmentoftheglobalcarbonmarket,thisstudytakes2020asthestudyperiod.Fourscenarios(referencescenario,independentcarbonmarketscenario,EuropeUnion（EUh-Australiascenario,andChina-EU-Australiascenario）aredesignedtoevaluatetheimpactoftheglobalcarbonmarketinvolvingChina,theEU,andAustralia.Wefindthatthecarbonpriceinthethreecountriesvariesalot,from$32/tCO2inAustralia,to$17.5/tCO2intheEU,andto$10/tCO2inChina.Thoughtherelativeemissionreduction（3%）inChinaislowerthanthatintheEU（9%）andAustralia（18%）,theabsoluteemissionreductioninChinaisfargreaterthanthatintheEUandAustralia.WhenChinaisincludedinthecarbonmarket,whichalreadyincludestheEUandAustralia,theprevailingglobalcarbonpricefallsfrom$22pertoncarbondioxide（CO2

简介：Thisstudyexplainedtheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionintourismdevelopmentandillustratedtherelationshipbetweenrecreationalresourcevaluationandenvironmentalconsideration.Wecomparedifferentmodelsoftravelcostmethodandreiterateslong-timeexistingproblemsofmulti-destinationandtreatsoftimeopportunitycost(TOC).TakingJiayuguan'sculturalsightsasanexample,weestablishanupdatedmethodcalledmultidestinationzonaltourismcostmethodtoevaluatetherecreationalvalues(RVs)ofselectedthreeculturalsights.WedividetrippackagesofJiayuguan'stouristsinto11portfolios.Eachportfoliocanbeseenasaseparatecommodity,andeachcommodityhasitsowndemandcurve.Accordingtodemandcurveswecancalculateconsumersurplus(CS)ofdifferentportfoliosoftouristdestinationsandlaterwesumupthetotaltravelcosts(includingtravelexpenditureandTOC)andCStocometotheRVsofeachportfolio.WethenapplysuitableproportionstocalculatetheRVsbetweendifferentdestinationsintheportfolio.Intheend,weaddupalltheRVscalculatedfortheobjectivedestination.Usingthismethod,wedrawconclusionsthatJiayuguan'sRVin2006includesnationalandinternationalvalues,summingupto738.4762millionyuan.Thetouristexpenditure,CSandTOCofJiayuguanisproportionating62.96,32.28and4.76%,respectively.Thisstudyisalsoanexampleofnon-marketvaluationofculturaltourismresources.