简介：Aspartofacomprehensiveenvironmentalmanagementsystem,manycountriesestablishemissioncontroltargetsformassemissionsofapollutant.Suchtargetsareoftenthekeyobjectiveofanenvironmentalpolicy,suchasanemissiontradingprogram.InChina,however,itismorethanjustanobjectiveofoneparticularpolicy;ithasbecomeaconceptthathasinfluencedmanynationalenvironmentalpoliciesandactivities.Theobjectiveofthisarticleistoreviewtheimplementationofthetotalemissioncontrolpolicyinthepast10yearsandexploreemergingissuesinitsimplementation.Thearticlehasthreesections:asummaryoftheimplementationexperience,issueswiththedesignandimplementationofthepolicy,andpolicyrecommendations.

简介：BasedonthesurveydataoftypicalvillagesinShaanxiProvince,China,theeffectofsocialcapitalontheincomegapoffarmers’householdswasanalyzedusingtheShapleyvalueofthetotalamountofsocialcapitalandthesocialcapitalstructure.Theresultsshowthefollowing:first,socialcapitalcanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andtheeffectofthisindexonthehouseholdincomegapis7.54%.Second,theindexesofthesocialcapitaldimensioncanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andthestructuraleffectsofthehouseholdincomegaponsocialnetworks,socialtrust,andsocialparticipationare3.17%,3.64%,and0.65%,respectively.Third,nodimensionofthepathisthesameastheeffectonthehouseholdincomegap.

简介：Sinceconventionalwatertreatmentisnotaffordableindevelopingcountries,lookingforlocallyavailableandalternativetreatmentoptionsismandatory.Removaloffluorideandphosphatecanbeachievedbydesigningappropriatefiltrationmediafromdifferentmaterialssuchassand,calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonechar.ThisstudywasdesignedtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyoftheselocallyavailablefiltermediawithrespecttodetentiontimeandpH.Thefiltrationapparatuses(tank)werefilledseparatelywithstone,gravelwithgrainsize0.6-4.75mmand40cmdeep,sand(ES=0.15-0.35mmandUC=1.5-3),calcinedclay,pumice,scoriaandbonecharwithgrainsize0.25-0.5inch.Watersampleswerepreparedusingglassbottleswithfluorideconcentrationsof6and8mg/landphosphateconcentrationof4mg/1.Laboratoryanalysiswascarriedoutbeforeandafterfiltrationtodeterminetheremovalefficiencyofeachmedium.Itwasfoundthatthehighestremovaloffluoridewasachievedbybonechar(89.65%),followedbypumice(82.4%).However,bonecharhasratherincreasedtheconcentrationofphosphateby63.8%.Sandwasthemostefficientmediatoremovephosphate,managingtoremoveby70%.Therefore,itisanattractiveoptiontousetheselocallyavailable,environmentalfriendlyandappropriatetechnologiesforefficientremovalofbothfluorineandphosphateatthehouseholdorcommunitywatertreatmentlevel.