简介：Themarketmechanismforforestecosystemservicehasalreadybecomecommonknowledgeamongcountriesintheinternationalmovementtoaddressglobalclimatechange.Inthispaper,internationalexperiencesofforestecosystemmarketsuchasbetterunderstandingofconcept,publicparticipation,soundtradingrulesandmeasurementstandardsareanalyzed,anditsimplicationforChinaisalsosummarized.Finally,theprospectsofforestecosystemservicemarketinChinaarediscussed.Thepurposeofthispaperi...

简介：Thepapercameupwiththebasicprinciples,technologysystem,planningandforestgovernancesystemofclose-to-natureandvalue-orientedforestmanagementonthebasisofdiscussionsonitsconceptandtheoreticalfoundation,andfinallyintroducedinitialeffectsofclose-to-natureandvalue-orientedforestmanagementimplementedinHarbin.

简介：Factoranalysisandexpertscoringmethodswereusedtorankflammabilityof16majorspeciesoftreesandshrubsinDaxing’anlingareaofnortheasternChina,basedon6flammabilityvariables,i.e.,airdrymoisturecontent,absolutedrymoisturecontent,ignitionpoint,ashcontent,heatofcombustionandextractivecontentmeasuredonleaves,barksandtwigs.Outof16speciesevaluated,forleaves’flammability,LarixgmeliniwasthesmallestandPinussylvestrisvar.mongolicawasthebiggest;forbarks’flammability,SalixkoreensiswasthesmallestandP.sylvestrisvar.mongolicawasthebiggest;andfortwigs’flammability,PopulusdavidianawasthesmallestandLedumpalustrevar.dilatatumwasthebiggest.Theflammabilityrankingbasedontheintegratedscoresofleaves,barksandtwigssuggestedthatPrunuspadus,Betuladahurica,andL.gmeliniwerethetop3lessflammablespeciesandthatL.palustrevar.dilatatum,P.sylvestrisvar.mongolica,andR.simsiiwerethetop3moreflammablespecies.Thisrankingagreedwellwithcurrentstandardsandexperienceandshouldhelpthespeciesselectionforbuildingfire-breakforestbeltsinthestudyregion.

简介：TheplantationoccupiesgreatproportioninurbanforestinmanycitiesinChina.Thedesignandmanagementforurbanforestsupplementseachother.Thedesigndecidestheorientationofmanagement,whilethemanagementalsoaffectsthelandscapeeffectsandecologicalbenefitsofthedesigninreverse.Therearemanyissuesondesignandmanagementofurbanforest.Forexample,somedesignsonlyemphasizethevisualimpressionwhileignoringtheecologicalbenefits,theproblemsofsimplifyingtheforestlayerstructureandpurifyingitsspeciescompositionareubiquitous,Itisshortofcomprehensiveanalysisoflocalenvironmentconditions,thephenomenaareveryoutstandinginlearningforeignorothercity'smodelbycopyingmechanically.Themanagementmodelisnotonlymonotonous,butalsobehindthestepofurbandevelopmentandthehumandemandforreturningtonature.Theseunreasonabledesignsandmanagementsareoneofthemainreasonsforlowerecologicalbenefits,andalsocausedsomeotherbadaftereffects,suchaslowerbiodiversityandhighcostofmanagement,etc.Sothethoughtofclose-to-naturedesignandmanagementinurbanforestisproposedanditsfeasibilityandmethodsarediscussedinthepaper.

简介：Abstract:FortyspeciesofBasidiomycotafrom21generain15families,collectedfromLiuxiheNationalForestPark,Guangzhou,China,havevaluesforusebylocalpeople.Morethanhalfofthespeciescollectedareedible,andsome(Lactariusdeliciosus,Boletusspp.)aregatheredforcommercialconsumptioninSouthChina.Tenspecieshavemedicinalproperties,andincludeDictyophora,Ganoderma,PisolithusandScleroderma.Over60%species(26taxa)areectomycorrhizalinvolving12ediblefungi.ThemostabundantfamiliesweretheAmanitaceae,BoletaceaeandSclerodermataceae,whichformimportantectomycorrhizalassociationswithconiferousandmixedbroad-leafedtreesinthePark.Prospectiveusesofthesemacrofungiarediscussed.

简介：AustriaandGermany,thetwoforestdevelopedcountries,havedrawnalotofexperiencesinforestmanagement.ThisarticlesummarizesthesuccessfulexperiencesofforestmanagementreforminthosetwocountiesandputsforwardpolicyrecommendationsonforestmanagementreforminChina.

简介：Weused39SSRmarkerstoanalyzethegeneticstructureof304majorChineseinbredricevarieties,andtocomparechangesintheindicaorjaponicacomponentsinthesevarietiesthathavebeenwidelycultivatedfromthe1950stothe1990sinChina.Thegeneticstructureanalysisshowedthatthesericevarietiesweredistinctlydividedintotwopopulations,indicaandjaponica.Thesub-structureofindicavarietieswasmorecomplexthanthatofjaponicaones.Amongthevariouslines,late-seasonindicaandearlyseasonjaponicavarietieshadsimplergeneticbackgrounds.Theseasonalecotypeswerenotquiteconsistentwiththesubtypesofgeneticstructure.TwelveSSRlociwithspecificdifferentiationbetweenindicaandjaponicawereusedtocalculatetheindica/japonicacomponents.Thedifferencesinindica/japonicacomponentsamongthefivedecadeswerenotsignificant,exceptforlate-seasonindicavarietiesinthe1990s,whichhadasignificantlyhigherjaponicacomponent.TheseresultswillhelptounderstandthegeneticstructureofthemajorChineseinbredricevarietiesandwillbeusefulforindica-japonicahybridbreedinginChina.

简介：Sanjiang平原是冲积泛滥平原的一个广阔区域；在东北Heilongjiang省的低山。因为在过去的过多的陆地开垦，整个森林区域；质量减少了。在持续开发的看法，这篇论文以开发潜力为非木材福雷斯特产品分析了可能性，市场，社会效果；在Sanjiang平原的几个县的NTFP的地位。结果显示出那，活跃开发；为NTFP的管理是到怎么平衡沼泽地保存的一种乐观选择；持续经济开发。

简介：Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworldintermsofplantedforestsarea.Plantedforestsplayanimportantroleinsoilandwaterconservation,foodsource,timbersupplyandenergysecurity,buttherearestillmanyproblemswaitingforimmediateresolution.BasedonthecurrentdevelopmentstatusofplantedforestinChina,thepapermadeancomprehensiveanalysisforthepositiveimpactandexistingproblemswithregardtoplantedforests,andthencameupwithpolicyrecommendationsforprom...

简介：Theforestecosystemgoodsandservicesandthenaturalcapitalstocksthatproducethemmakegreatcontributiontonationaleconomyandhumanwelfarebothdirectlyandindirectly.ThispaperevaluatestheeconomicvalueofnaturalcapitalstockandtheannualoutputflowofforestecosystemgoodsandservicestakingQingdaoCityanditseightdistrictsascasestudy.Theresultsofthevaluationstudyshowed,thatthestockvalueofforestnaturalcapitalofQingdaowasRMB13.46billionattheendof2007...

简介：Fourvegetationtypes,namelyconiferousandbroadleavedmixedforest,secondarydeciduousbroadleavedforest,openshrubsandmeadow,withdwarfbamboo(Indocalamuswilsoni)arecomparedontheirfloristiccomposition,lifeform,communitystructure,andsurvivorshipofbamboos.Disturbanceofconifer-loggingtwodecadesagopromotedthespeciesdi-versity,butnegativelyinfluencedthesurvivorshipofdwarfbamboowhichisdominateontheforestfloor.Openshrubsbearmorespeciesdiversityandmoregeophytesinitslife-formspectrumthanitsbackgroundvegetationsubalpinemeadow,how-ever,dwarfbambooisgrowingmuchbetterintheopenshrubsthaninthemeadow.Itseemsdwarfbambooprobablyfavor-itestooccurinthevegetationatgentleslopeswithamediatecanopycover.Itsmassfloweringinthesecondarydeciduousforestsuggeststhatasimultaneousfloweringandfollowingdiebackmaybeirruptintherecentlycomingyearsoverthesubal-pineShennongjiainChina,whichwillbenotonlyalterthefloristiccompositionandcommunitystructureoftheoldbamboostands,butalsoinfluencethesurvivorshipofthisrarespecies.

简介：在农业土壤的氮(N)转变的更好的理解为持续、环境友好的N化肥管理和有效N2O缓解策略。这研究瞄准了：我)阐明季节粗野氮的硝化作用率和N2O排放，ii)在粗野氮的硝化作用上决定土壤条件的影响，并且iii)证实在粗野氮的硝化作用和N2在在Yantai的一个苹果果园的土壤的O排出物，东北中国。粗野氮的硝化作用率和N2O流动用气压的过程分离(BaPS)在2009，2010，和2011从三月被检验到10月技术和静态的房间方法。在湿季节期间，粗野氮的硝化作用率比在旱季条件下面的那些高1.64倍。多重回归分析表明粗野氮的硝化作用率显著地与土壤温度被相关并且玷污充满水的毛孔空间(WFPS)。在粗野氮的硝化作用率和土壤WFPS之间的关系跟随了在60%WFPS达到顶点的一条最佳曲线。氧化氩氮流动从三月广泛地变化了到10月并且被N化肥申请刺激。统计上重要的积极关联在粗野氮的硝化作用率和土壤N2O排出物。进一步的评估显示那个粗野氮的硝化作用显著地作出贡献到N2O形成在旱季(大约86%)期间，但是到更小的度在湿季节(大约51%)期间。因此，粗野氮的硝化作用是为N2在地理区域的苹果果园生态系统的土壤的O。

简介：Landusechangescangreatlyinfluencesoilphosphorus(P)dynamics,especiallywhenconvertingnativeforeststoagriculturalland.SoilsinXishuangbanna,whichisoneofsouthwestChina'stropicalareasthatmaintainfragmentsofprimaryforests,werestudiedtoa)evaluatetheeffectoftwocommonlandusechanges,conversionofforeststoagriculturallandorrubbertreeplantation,onthedynamicsofavailablePandtotalPinbulksoilsaswellastotalPinparticlesizefractions;b)assesstherelationshipbetweensoilPdynamicsandsoilorganiccarbon(SOC);andc)elucidatetherelationshipbetweensoilPcontentandsoilpropertiessuchaspHandtexture.Clearingsecondaryforestswithsubsequentshiftingcultivationandestablishmentofrubbertreeplantationcausedsignificantdecreases(P＜0.05)inavailablePat0-20cmsoildepths,whereasfortotalPtherewasasignificantdecrease(P＜0.05)whenconvertingtoshiftingcultivation,rubbertreeplantation,orfallowfieldatboth0-20and20-40cmdepths.Abandonmentoffieldsusedforshiftingcultivationledtosignificantincreases(P＜0.05)inavailablePat20-40cmdepth.Inaddition,therewasasignificantpositiverelationshipbetweensoilorganiccarbonandsoilPcontent.Comparedtosecondaryforests,theratiooforganiccarbontototalPinsurfacesoils(0-20cm)ofshiftingcultivationandrubbertreeplantationwassignificantlylower(P＜0.05).

简介：FixedammoniumcontentsandNH4^+fixationcapacitiesofsomerepresentativecultivatedsoliscollectedfrom16provincesofChinawerestudied.Resultsshowedthatthecontentsoffixedammoniuminsoilsrangedfrom35to573mgNkg^-1,withanaverageof198mgNkg^-1.Thecontentoffixedammoniumcorrelatedverysignificantlywithmicacontentfortropicalandsubtropicalsoils,whereasthiswasnotthecaseforsoilsinthetemperatezone.AttheendofK-exhaustingexperimentthefixedammoniumcontentincreasedinmostsoilsstudied.However,itdecreasedinsmomtemperatesoils.Generally,fixationofaddedNH4^+couldnotbefoundeitherbeforeorafterK-exhaustingexperimentforhighlyweatheredsoils,includingtropicalsoilsandsoilsderivedfromgranite-gneissorQuaternaryredclaysinthesubtropiczone,whileformostsoilsintheYangtzeRiverdaltatheNH4^+fixationcapacitywasratherhighandincreasedsignificantlyintheK-exhaustedsoils.

简介：Thepaperanalyzedthebasiccharacteristicsoffast-growingandhigh-yieldplantation,classifiedandidentifiedtheecologicalproblemsinitsdevelopment,andfinallyproposedthebasicprinciplesandcorrespondingtechnicalmeasuresforfast-growingandhigh-yieldplantationecosystemmanagementbasedontheseproblems.

简介：Thirteensedimentcoresamples(0-10cm)weretakenfromthesevenlakesinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRivertodeterminethecontentsanddistributionsoforganicphosphorus(P)fractionsinthesedimentsoftheshallowlakesinthearea.TheorganicPfractionsinthesedimentswereintheorderofmoderatelylabileorganicP(MLOP)>moderatelyresistantorganicP(MROP)>highlyresistantorganicP(HROP)>labileorganicP(LOP),withaverageproportionalratiosof13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,andMROPweresignificantlyrelatedtothecontentsoftotalorganiccarbon(TOC),water-solubleP(WSP),algal-availableP(AAP),NaHCO3-extractableP(Olsen-P),totalP(TP),organicP(OP),andinorganicP(IP).However,HROPwassignificantlyrelatedtoOPandweaklycorrelatedwithTOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TPorIP.ThissuggestedthatorganicP,especiallyLOPandMLOPinsediments,deservedevengreaterattentionthanIPinregardstolakeeutrophication.IntermsoforganicP,sedimentsweremorehazardousthansoilsinlakeeutrophication.AlthoughOPconcentrationswerehigherinmoderatelypollutedsedimentthanthoseinheavilypollutedsediment,LOPandMLOPwerehigherintheheavilypollutedsediment,whichindicatedthatheavilypollutedsedimentwasmorehazardousthanmoderatelypollutedsedimentinlakeeutrophication.

简介：ThiscasestudyoutlinestheproblemsfacedbythepeoplesoftheHexiCorridor.Theseproblemsareseriousandurgent,andarerepresentativeofthosefacedbyothercommunitiesrightacrosswesternChina.Therootcausesareoutlinedandsomeremediesaresuggested.ThepracticalmeasuresproposedunderChina'sNationalActionPlantoCombatDesertificationaredescribedanddiscussed.

简介：A15-yearfertilizationexperimentwithdifferentapplicationsofinorganicN,PandKfertilizersandfarmyardmanure(M)wasconductedtostudytheyieldandsoilresponsestolong-termfertilizationatQiyang,HunanProvince,China.Averagegrainyieldsofwheatandcorn(1672and5111kgha-1,respectively)forthetreatmentNPKMweresignificantlyhigherthanthose(405and310kgha-1)oftheunfertilizedcontrolandsingleinorganicfertilizertreatments.Comparedwiththecorrespondinginitialvaluesoftheexperiment,alltreatmentsshowedayielddeclineof9to111kgha-1year-1inwheatand35to260kgha-1year-1incorn,respectively,andasignificantpHdeclineof0.07to0.12pHyear?1,exceptforthetreatmentsPKandNPKM.Afterlong-termfertilization,thesoilorganicC,soilavailableP,exchangeableCa2+andMg2+andavailableCu2+andZn2+contentswerehigherinthetreatmentNPKMthaninthetreatmentsappliedwithinorganicfertilizeronly.ComparedtothetreatmentNPK,thetreatmentNPKM,wheremanurepartiallyreplacedinorganicN,hadapositiveimpactonarrestingthedeclineofsoilpH.Thisimprovedgrainyieldsofwheatandcorn,suggestingthatapplicationofNPKfertilizerincombinationwithfarmyardmanureisimportanttomaintainsoilfertilityandbufferingcapacityinredsoil.

简介：农业领域里的土壤侵蚀的评估是珍贵的为减少农业nonpoint来源污染开发保存惯例。土壤侵蚀率在在东北中国位于长春的郊区的Mojiagou盆用放射性尘埃放射性核种tracer技术被确定。在学习区域的计算土壤侵蚀率分别地是1.99和1.85公里year−1使用137Cs和过量210Pb(210Pbex)大小。两放射性尘埃放射性核种在下坡的地点显示出一个类似的趋势。所有测量地点在过去的50～100年期间经历了网侵蚀。137Cs和210Pbex大小是有用的确定领域和小盆规模上的土壤侵蚀率。照这样下去侵蚀，当前的肥沃的表层土层将完全在70年以内被移开。

简介：Modelingheight–diameterrelationshipsisanimportantcomponentinestimatingandpredictingforestdevelopmentunderdifferentforestmanagementscenarios.Inthispaper,tenwidelyusedcandidateheight–diametermodelswerefittedtotreeheightanddiameteratbreastheight(DBH)dataforPopuluseuphraticaOliv.withina100hapermanentplotsatArghanVillageinthelowerreachesoftheTarimRiver,XinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegionofChina.Datafrom4781treeswereusedandsplitrandomlyintotwosets:75%ofthedatawereusedtoestimatemodelparameters(modelcalibration),andtheremainingdata(25%)werereservedformodelvalidation.Allmodelperformanceswereevaluatedandcomparedbymeansofmultiplemodelperformancecriteriasuchasasymptotict-statisticsofmodelparameters,standardizedresidualsagainstpredictedheight,rootmeansquareerror(RMSE),Akaike’sinformationcriterion(AIC),meanpredictionerror(ME)andmeanabsoluteerror(MAE).Theestimatedparameteraformodel(6)wasnotstatisticallysignificantatalevelofa=0.05.RMSEandAICtestresultforallmodelsshowedthatexponentialmodels(1),(2),(3)and(4)performedsignificantlybetterthanothers.AlltenmodelshadverysmallMEsandMAEs.Nearlyallmodelsunderestimatedtreeheightsexceptformodel(6).ComparingtheMEsandMAEsofmodels,model(1)producedsmallerMEs(0.0059)andMAEs(1.3754)thanothermodels.Toassessthepredictiveperformanceofmodels,wealsocalculatedMEsbydividingthemodelvalidationdatasetinto10-cmDBHclasses.ThissuggestedthatallmodelswerelikelytocreatehighermeanpredictionerrorsfortreeDBHclasses[20cm.However,nocleartrendwasfoundamongmodels.Model(6)generatedsignificantlysmallermeanpredictionerrorsacrossalltreeDBHclasses.Consideringalltheaforementionedcriteria,model(1):TH?1:3ta=e1tb?eàc?DBHTandmodel(6):TH?1:3tDBH2=eatb?DBHtc?DBH2Tarerecommendedassuitablemodelsfordescribingtheheight–diameterrelationsh