简介：植物，昆虫和25个森林社区的森林结构在Mao'ershan试验性的福雷斯特农场和Liangshui被调查试验性的福雷斯特农场在1994鈥?期间995。纸把连续统索引(Ci)用作一个参数，到份量上描述森林社区继任舞台。在生物多样性和森林社区的连续统索引之间的关系被学习。在森林植物社区的年度种类和家庭差异与连续统索引显示出非线性的关联，并且最大的差异在继任的中间的阶段期间。全部的昆虫社区和食草的昆虫组的差异是否定地相关的withCi，spide组和寄生昆虫组的断然被联系。模式差异和范围重量差异索引叶子高度与连续统索引增加了。

简介：TheplantationoccupiesgreatproportioninurbanforestinmanycitiesinChina.Thedesignandmanagementforurbanforestsupplementseachother.Thedesigndecidestheorientationofmanagement,whilethemanagementalsoaffectsthelandscapeeffectsandecologicalbenefitsofthedesigninreverse.Therearemanyissuesondesignandmanagementofurbanforest.Forexample,somedesignsonlyemphasizethevisualimpressionwhileignoringtheecologicalbenefits,theproblemsofsimplifyingtheforestlayerstructureandpurifyingitsspeciescompositionareubiquitous,Itisshortofcomprehensiveanalysisoflocalenvironmentconditions,thephenomenaareveryoutstandinginlearningforeignorothercity'smodelbycopyingmechanically.Themanagementmodelisnotonlymonotonous,butalsobehindthestepofurbandevelopmentandthehumandemandforreturningtonature.Theseunreasonabledesignsandmanagementsareoneofthemainreasonsforlowerecologicalbenefits,andalsocausedsomeotherbadaftereffects,suchaslowerbiodiversityandhighcostofmanagement,etc.Sothethoughtofclose-to-naturedesignandmanagementinurbanforestisproposedanditsfeasibilityandmethodsarediscussedinthepaper.

简介：Abstract:FortyspeciesofBasidiomycotafrom21generain15families,collectedfromLiuxiheNationalForestPark,Guangzhou,China,havevaluesforusebylocalpeople.Morethanhalfofthespeciescollectedareedible,andsome(Lactariusdeliciosus,Boletusspp.)aregatheredforcommercialconsumptioninSouthChina.Tenspecieshavemedicinalproperties,andincludeDictyophora,Ganoderma,PisolithusandScleroderma.Over60%species(26taxa)areectomycorrhizalinvolving12ediblefungi.ThemostabundantfamiliesweretheAmanitaceae,BoletaceaeandSclerodermataceae,whichformimportantectomycorrhizalassociationswithconiferousandmixedbroad-leafedtreesinthePark.Prospectiveusesofthesemacrofungiarediscussed.

简介：TheverticaldistributionandmigrationofCu,Zn,Pb,andCdintwoforestsoilprofilesnearanindustrialemissionsourcewereinvestigatedusingahighresolutionsamplingmethodtogetherwithreferenceelementTi.One-metersoilprofilewassectionedhorizontallyat2cmintervalsinthefirst40cm,5cmintervalsinthenext40cm,and10cmintervalsinthelast20cm.Themigrationdistanceandrateofheavymetalsinthesoilprofileswerecalculatedaccordingtotheirrelativeconcentrationsintheprofiles,ascalibratedbythereferenceelementTi.Theenrichmentofheavymetalsappearedintheuppermostlayeroftheforestsoil,andthesoilheavymetalconcentrationsdecreaseddowntheprofileuntilreachingtheirbackgroundvalues.ThecalculatedaveragemigrationratesofCd,Cu,Pb,andZnwere0.70,0.33,0.37,and0.76cmyear-1,respectively,whichwerecomparabletoothermethods.Asimulationmodelwasproposed,whichcouldwelldescribethedistributionofCu,Zn,Pb,andCdinnaturalforestsoils.

简介：AustriaandGermany,thetwoforestdevelopedcountries,havedrawnalotofexperiencesinforestmanagement.ThisarticlesummarizesthesuccessfulexperiencesofforestmanagementreforminthosetwocountiesandputsforwardpolicyrecommendationsonforestmanagementreforminChina.

简介：Background:Cumulativeimpactsofwildfiresandforestharvestingcancauseshiftsfromclosed-crownforesttoopenwoodlandinborealecosystems.Tolowertheprobabilityofoccurrenceofsuchcatastrophicregimeshifts,forestloggingmustdecreasewhenfirefrequencyincreases,sothatthecombineddisturbanceratedoesnotexceedtheHolocenemaximum.Knowinghowclimatewarmingwillaffectfireregimesisthuscrucialtosustainablymanagetheforest.Thisstudyaimedtoprovideaguidetodeterminesustainableforestharvestinglevels,byreconstructingtheHolocenefirehistoryatthenorthernlimitofcommercialforestryinQuebecusingcharcoalparticlespreservedinlakesediments.Methods:SedimentcoresweresampledfromfourlakeslocatedclosetothenorthernlimitofcommercialforestryinQuebec.Thecoreswereslicedintoconsecutive0.5cmthicksubsamplesfromwhich1cm3wasextractedtocountandmeasurecharcoalparticleslargerthan150microns.Age-depthmodelswereobtainedforeachcorebasedonacceleratormassspectroscopy(AMS)radiocarbondates.Holocenefirehistorieswerereconstructedbycombiningcharcoalcountsandage-depthmodelstoobtaincharcoalaccumulationratesand,afterstatisticaltreatment,long-termtrendsinfireoccurrence(expressedasnumberoffiresper1000years).Results:Fireoccurrencevariedbetweenthefourstudiedsites,butfiresgenerallyoccurredmoreoftenduringwarmanddryperiodsoftheHolocene,especiallyduringtheHoloceneThermalMaximum(7000–3500cal.BP),whenfireoccurrencewastwiceashighasatpresent.Conclusions:ThecurrentfireregimeinthestudyareaisstillwithinthenaturalrangeofvariabilityobservedovertheHolocene.However,climaticconditionscomparabletotheHoloceneThermalMaximumcouldbereachedwithinthenextfewdecades,thussubstantiallyreducingtheamountofwoodavailabletotheforestindustry.

简介：Sanjiang平原是冲积泛滥平原的一个广阔区域；在东北Heilongjiang省的低山。因为在过去的过多的陆地开垦，整个森林区域；质量减少了。在持续开发的看法，这篇论文以开发潜力为非木材福雷斯特产品分析了可能性，市场，社会效果；在Sanjiang平原的几个县的NTFP的地位。结果显示出那，活跃开发；为NTFP的管理是到怎么平衡沼泽地保存的一种乐观选择；持续经济开发。

简介：APoissonregressionmodelandanegativebinomialregressionmodel(NBmodel)areoftenusedinareassuchasmedicineandeconomy,butrarelyinthedomesticforestrysector,especiallyintheforestfireforecasting.BasedonthedataofforestfireoccurrencesinDaxing’anlingregionin1980-2005,thispaperprofoundlyanalyzestheapplicationconditionsandtestmethodsofthetwomodels.TheAICmethodwasusedtocheckthefittinglevelofthemodelsandthecapabilityofthemodelsforforecastingforestfireswasdiscussed.ThisstudyprovidednecessarytheoreticalbasisanddatasupportfortheapplicationofthetwomodelsinthefieldofforestryinChina.

简介：Theforestecosystemgoodsandservicesandthenaturalcapitalstocksthatproducethemmakegreatcontributiontonationaleconomyandhumanwelfarebothdirectlyandindirectly.ThispaperevaluatestheeconomicvalueofnaturalcapitalstockandtheannualoutputflowofforestecosystemgoodsandservicestakingQingdaoCityanditseightdistrictsascasestudy.Theresultsofthevaluationstudyshowed,thatthestockvalueofforestnaturalcapitalofQingdaowasRMB13.46billionattheendof2007...

简介：BambooforestisanimportantlanduseinthetraditionalvillageofPenglipuran,BaliIndonesia.BamboogrowingintheruralareascanbeagoodchoiceforcapturingCO2.Iharvestedselectedculmstodeterminebiomasscontent,and50%ofdryweightbiomasswascalculatedascarboncontent.ThePenglipuranbambooforestsupportedsixbamboospeciesinaonehectaresamplingplot,allofthegenusGigantochloa.Theclumpandculmdensitieswere339and7190ha-1,respectively.Totalabove-plusbelow-groundbiomasswas87.35Mgha-1,andcarbonstoragewas43.67Mgha-1.CarbonstorageestimatedinthebambooforestatPenglipuranoffersinsightintotheopportunityforPES（paymentforecosystemservices）throughemissiontradingmechanisms.

简介：TheapplicationofGeographicInformationSystem(GIS),RemoteSensing(RS)andGlobalPositionSystem(GPS)intheresearchofforestlandscapeisoutlinedinthispaper.Theintegrationofthe3Stechniqueisalsodescribed.Inthe3Ssystem,RSisusedtoobtainthevariousinformationofforestlandscape.GPSisusedtoobtainthegrounddataoforientationandguidethepeopletothedifferentplaces.AndGISisusedininformationmanagementandprocessing.

简介：Forestshavebeenexpandingovertypicalsavannasitesforthepast3000yearsintheNeotropics.Suchinvasioncanproduceaseriesofenvironmentalmodificationsontypicalsavanna;however,itremainsunclearhowmodificationsinsoilproperties,causedbytheencroachmentofwoodyspecies,facilitatetheexpansionofforestecosystemsunderdystrophicconditions.HereweexaminedchemicalandmicrobiologicalchangesassociatedwithtreeencroachmentinoxisolsofaNeotropicalSavannaatAssisEcologicalStation,SoutheasternBrazil.Wepredictedthattreeencroachmentcausedbytypicalforestspecieswouldcausesignificantchangesinthechemicalandmicrobiologicalpropertiesofsavannasoils.SoilsweresampledatAssisEcologicalStation,fromsavannasitesdifferingintreeencroachment（typical,denseandforestedsavanna）causedbydecadesoffireexclusion.Weanalysedvegetationleafareaindexandleaflittervolumedepositedinthestudiedplotsandchemical（pH,organicmatter,P,K,Ca,Mg,Al,NO3-,NH4+）andmicrobiological（microbialCbiomassanddehydrogenaseactivity）propertiesofsoilsunderdistinctencroachmentconditions.Mostsoilchemicalpropertiesdidnotchangealongthetreeencroachmentgradient;however,totalP,soilorganicmatter,soilmicrobialCanddehydrogenaseactivityincreasedfromtypicalsavannatoforestedsavanna.Thechangesinsoilorganicmatteranddehydrogenaseactivitywerecorrelatedwiththevaluesofleafareaindexandlittervolumealongtheencroachmentgradient.Ourresultsdemonstratethatforestspeciescanincreasecarbonandphosphorussuppliesintropicalsavannasoils.

简介：Theaimofthisstudywastoestimatefinerootproduction（FP）andfinerootmortality（FM）at0–10,10–20,and20–30cmsoildepthsusingminirhizotronsina75-year-oldPinusdensifloraSieb.etZucc.forestlocatedinGwangneung,Korea.Wedevelopedtheconversionfactors（framecm-2）ofthreesoildepths（0.158for0–10cm,0.120for10–20cm,and0.131for20–30cm）basedonsoilcoringandminirhizotrondata.FPandFMwereestimatedusingconversionfactorsfromMarch26,2013toMarch2,2014.TheannualFPandFMvaluesatthe0–30cmsoildepthwere3200.2and2271.5kgha-1yr-1,respectively.TheFPestimateaccountedforapproximately17%ofthetotalnetprimaryproductionatthestudysite.FPwashighestinsummer（July31–September26）,andFMwashighestinautumn（September27–November29）.FPwaspositivelycorrelatedwithseasonalchangeinsoiltemperature,whileFMwasnotrelatedtothatchange.TheseasonalityofFPandFMmightbelinkedtoabove-groundphotosyntheticactivity.BothFPandFMatthe0–10cmdepthweresignificantlyhigherthanat10–20and20–30cmdepths,andthisresultedfromthedecreaseinnutrientavailabilitywithincreasingsoildepth.TheminirhizotronapproachandconversionfactorsdevelopedinthisstudywillenablefastandaccurateestimationofthefinerootdynamicsinP.densifloraforestecosystems.

简介：到从四森林土壤在上的N2O和N2排出物的氮的硝化作用和denitrification的贡献北Changbai泼出山与乙炔抑制方法被测量。在孵化实验，0.06%和3%C2H2被用来分别地在这些土壤禁止氮的硝化作用和denitrification。除了冻土带土壤，氮的硝化作用和denitification在这些土壤存在，在仅仅denitrification被发现的地方。在山黑暗褐森林土壤的氮的硝化作用和denitrification的每年平均的率在另外的三土壤比那高得多。在山褐具球果的土壤，到气体的氮排出物的不同过程的贡献是DenitrificationN2O>氮的硝化作用N2O>DenitrificationN2。一样的顺序在山存在是的草皮的土壤那在山褐具球果的土壤。在山冻土带土壤的顺序是DenitrificationN2O>DenitrificationN2。

简介：Background:Estimationoftreediversityatbroaderscaleisimportantforconservationplanning.Treediversityshouldbemeasuredandunderstoodintermsofdiversityandevenness,twointegralcomponentstodescribethestructureofabiologicalcommunity.Variationofthetreediversityandevennesswithelevation,topographicrelief,aspect,terrainshape,slope,soilnutrient,solarradiationetc.arewelldocumented.Methods:Presentstudyexploresthevariationoftreediversity(measuredasShannondiversityandevennessindices)ofMajellaNationalPark,Italywithfiveavailableforesttypesnamelyevergreenoakwoods,deciduousoakwoods,black/aleppopinestands,hop-hornbeamforestandbeechforest,usingsatellite,environmentalandfielddata.Results:Hop-hornbeamforestwasfoundtobemostdiverseandevenwhileevergreenOakwoodswasthelowestdiverseandeven.Diversityandevennessofforesttypeswereconcurrenttoeachotheri.e.foresttypewhichwasmorediversewasalsomoreeven.Asabroadpattern,majorityportionofthestudyareabelongedtomediumdiversityandhighevennessclass.Conclusions:SateliteimagesandotherGISdataprovedusefultoolsinmonitoringvariationoftreediversityandevennessacrossvariousforesttypes.PresentstudyfindingsmayhaveimplicationsinprioritizingconservationzonesofhightreediversityatMajela.

简介：研究被进行检验三干燥森林种，Lysilomadivaricatum(Jacq)，Tabebuiaochracea(可汗)和Lonchocarpusminimiflorus的自然新生(Donn。Sm)在尼加拉瓜在一个三年的时期上并且到在到在Chacocente野生动物的光的地志的斜坡和发生的关系中的新生的分析异质保留。永久样品阴谋在2001被建立，并且有象10厘米和象10厘米一样大的直径一样低的高度的所有个人从2001～2003被记录三连续的年。结果证明自然地改革的个人的密度在种类之中显著地变化了，以及随着时间的过去。L。minimiflorus和T。ochracea与L相比有更高的密度。divaricatum，和在种群密度的网变化为T是稍微积极的。ochracea仅仅。新生更充满在到日光的王冠的部分暴露下面的轻轻、陡峭的斜坡，因此导致分发的聚集的模式，特别为L。minimiflorus和T。ochracea。我们断定那个自然新生独自不是足够的维持这些的股票的需要的数字种类，和一项立即的恢复措施应该被拿帮助自然新生过程。

简介：Exploringtheresponsedifferencesofleafphysiologyparameterstoenhancednitrogendepositionbetweensaplingsandtreesisvitalforpredictingthevariationsofterrestrialecosystemstructureandfunctionunderfutureglobalclimatechange.Inthisstudy,theecophysiologicalparametersofsaplingsandtreesofFraxinusmandshuricaRupr.weremeasuredatdifferentlevelsofnitrogenadditioninatemperateforest.Theresultsshowthatecophysiologicalparametersmaximumnetphotosyntheticrate(Pmax),apparentquantumefficiency(a),darkrespiration(Rd),lightsaturationpoint(Lsp),photosyntheticnitrogenuseefficiency(PNUE),specificleafarea(SLA)andstomatalconductanceundersaturatedlightintensity(Gsmax)werehigherinsaplingsthanintrees.ThesephysiologicalparametersandnotNleaf(leafnitrogencontent)ledtorelativelylowerPmaxandRdintrees.Forbothsaplingsandtrees,lowandmediannitrogenaddition(23and46kgha-1a-1)resultedinsignificantincreasesinPmax,Rd,Lsp,Chl,PNUE,SLAandGsmax.Theseparameterstendedtodeclineunderhighadditionsofnitrogen(69kgha-1a-1),whereasNleafwasalwaysenhancedwithincreasingnitrogen.VariationsinPmaxandRdwithincreasingnitrogenwereattributedtovariationsinthestronglyrelatedparametersof,Lsp,Chl,PNUE,SLAandGsmax.Overall,theresponsesensitivityofphysiologicalparameterstoenhancednitrogenlevelswaslowerintreescomparedwithsaplings.

简介：Thecircumborealforestencompassesdiverselandscapestructures,dynamicsandforestagedistributionsdeterminedbytheirphysicalsetting,andhistoricalandcurrentdisturbanceregimes.However,duetointensifyingforestutilisation,andincertainareasduetoincreasingnaturaldisturbances,borealforestage-classstructureshavechangedrapidly,sothattheproportionofoldforesthassubstantiallydeclined,whilethatofyoungpost-harvestandpost-natural-disturbanceforestproportionshaveincreased.Inthefuture,withawarmingclimateincertainborealregions,thistrendmayfurtherbeenhancedduetoanincreaseinnaturaldisturbancesandlarge-scaleuseofforestbiomasstoreplacefossil-basedfuelsandproducts.Themajordriversofchangeofforestageclassdistributionsandstructuresincludetheuseofclearcutshortrotationharvesting,morefrequentandseverenaturaldisturbancesduetoclimatewarmingincertainregions.Thedeclineinoldforestarea,andincreaseinmanagedyoungforestlackingnaturalpost-disturbancestructurallegacies,representamajortransformationintheecologicalconditionsoftheborealforestbeyondhistoricallimitsofvariability.Thismayintroduceathreattobiodiversity,ecosystemresilienceandlong-termadaptivecapacityoftheforestecosystem.Tosafeguardborealforestbiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning,andtomaintainthemultipleservicesprovidedtosocietiesbythisforestbiome,itispivotaltomaintainanadequateshareandtheecologicalqualitiesofyoungpost?disturbancestages,alongwithmatureforeststageswithold-growthcharacteristics.Thisrequiresmanagementfornaturalpost-disturbancelegacystructures,andinnovativeuseofdiverseuneven-agedandcontinuouscovermanagementapproachestomaintaincriticallate-successionalforeststructuresinlandscapes.

简介：Background:Inthecontextofecosystemmanagement,thepresentstudyaimstocomparethenaturalandthepresent-dayforestedlandscapesofalargeterritoryinQuebec(Canada).Usingcontemporaryandlong-termfirecycles,eachnaturalforestlandscapeisdefinedaccordingtothevariabilityofitsstructureandcomposition,andcomparedtothepresent-daylandscape.Thisanalysiswasconductedtoaddressthequestionofwhetherhumanactivitieshavemovedtheseecosystemsoutsidetherangeofnaturallandscapevariability.Methods:Thestudyencompassedaforestedareaof17.5000km^2dividedinto14landscapes.Usingaframeworkthatintegratesfirecycles,agestructureandforestdynamics,wecharacterizedtheforestcompositionandagestructuresthatresultedfromthreehistoricalfirecycles(110,140,and180years)representativeoftheborealforestof.easternCanada.Themodelednaturallandscapeswerecomparedwithpresent-daylandscapesinregardtotheproportionofold-growthforests(landscapelevel)andtheproportionoflate-successionalforeststands(landscapelevelandpotentialvegetationtype).Results:Fourlandscapes(39%)remainwithintheirnaturalrangeofvariability.Incontrast,ninelandscapes(54%)showalargegapbetweennaturalandpresent-daylandscapes.Theseninearelocatedinthesouthernportionofthestudyarea,andaremainlyassociatedwithAbies-BetulavegetationwherehumanactivitieshavecontributedtoastrongincreaseintheproportionofPopulustremuloidesstands(early-successionalstages)andadecreaseofoldgrowthforeststands(morethan100yearsold).Asinglelandscape(7%),substantiallychangedfromitspotentialnaturalstate,isacandidateforadaptive-basedmanagement.Conclusion:Comparisonofcorrespondingnatural(referenceconditions)andpresent-daylandscapesshowedthattenlandscapesreflectinganimportantshiftinforestcompositionandagestructurecouldbeconsideredbeyondtherangeoftheirnaturalvariability.Thedescriptionofalandscape'snaturalvariabili

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