如何变主动语态为被动语态

如何变主动语态为被动语态

罗春梅

英语学习过程中，学习者感到困难的一时语法，二是习惯用语。而语法包含诸多方面，如：名词、代词、动词、单句和从句等等。如何将主动语态准确又轻松的变为被动语态就是其中的难点。

1.英语被动语态常用的场合

1.1不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。如：Paperismadefromwood.Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.Hewaswoundedinthefight.

1.2需要强调动作的承受者时。如：Calwlatorcan'tbeusedinthemathsexam.Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn'tbetakenaway.Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.

1.3为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。如：Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.Electricityisusedtorunmachines.

2.被动语态的构成

2.1be+done可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中，done可以带by短语，而系表结构中done相当于adj.不带by短语。如：Thequestionissettled.(系表结构)。Suchquestionsaresettledbyus.(被动语态)。Thejobwaswelldone.(系表结构)。Thejobwaswelldonebyaskilledworker.(被动语态)

2.2许多verbs(broken,interested,shut,worried),既可以用做adj.也可以在被动语态结构中做过去分词。句中如果有by，通常是被动语态。

如：Iwasworriedabeutyouallnight.(表状态)。Iwasworriedbymosquitoesallnight.(表动作)。TheglasswasbrokenbyJack.(表动作)。Theglassisbroken.(表状态)。Iwasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.Shewasfrightenedatthesightofasnake.

3.不同形式的被动语态

3.1含有直宾和间宾的主动结构，变为被动时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。如：Heshowedmehispictures.Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.Hesentmeabirthdaypresent.Iwassentabirthdaypresentbyhim.Abirthdaypresentwassenttomebyhim.

3.2含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变

3.2.1将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。如：TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.Heleftthedooropen.Thedoorwarleftopenbyhim.

3.2.2make,let,have,hear,watch,see,feel,notice.help既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加to，变为被动，必须加to.如：MybrotheroftenmademedothisandthatwhenIwasyoung.IwasoftenmadetodothisandthatbymybrotherwhenIyoung.Iheardhermoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.Shewasheardtomoveaboutinherroomuptairslastnight.

3.3情态动词的被动语态。是由情态V+be+p.p.构成。如：Theycannotfindhim.Hecannotbefound.Youmustpaymeforthis.Imustbepaidforthis.Hecanrepairyourwatch.Yourwatchcanberepaired.

3.4短语V的被动语态。一般来讲，只有及物V才有被动语态，因为只有vt才能有动作的承受者;但有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当与及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语V是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的prep或adv.这样的短语有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuesof,etc.如：Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire——brigadearrived.Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere.Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.

3.5有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。如：Thegoodssellswell.Thedoorcan'topen.

3.6有些词如want,need,require和beworth后面，v-ing形式为主动，意义为被动。如：Theroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning.Thebookisworthreading.

3.7主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词it。如：WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.It'sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.

3.8宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动，只用主动。如：Iwilldoitmyself.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.

3.9谓语动词是以下时，无被动。happen,belongto,suit,fit(适合),have,let,join,fall,last（延长）,cost（花费）breakout（爆发）appear,burstout(迸发)，hold(容纳)，lack（缺乏），agreewith（同意）.

3.10英语里形似主动但表被动意义

3.10.1感官动词：sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主语是物时；如：Theflowerssmellsweet.

3.10.2一些vi主动形式表被动含义open,close,shut,read,write,translate,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook,eat,weigh,drink,pay,draw,etc.

3.10.3不定式toblame,tolet（出租）作表语时，主动形式表被动含义。

3.10.4表（sth）需要的need,want,require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义。

3.105beworth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义。