益生菌在创伤性颅脑损伤中的研究进展

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2022-11-23
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益生菌在创伤性颅脑损伤中的研究进展

陈婧

浙江大学医学院附属第四医院 重症医学科 322000

     创伤性颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是指任何外力对脑造成的损伤,为危重症常见病。TBI伤势重,病情进展快,易危及生命,易造成永久性神经功能障碍。近年研究发现,TBI后常伴有胃肠功能损害,脑与肠道之间存在相互关联信号联系,损伤相互影响,进一步加重疾病损伤,益生菌在改善上述损伤起到一定作用,现益生菌对TBI损伤后研究进行综述。

一、TBI损伤机制

TBI后,神经炎症在继发性脑损伤阶段中处于重要地位。TBI后脑内炎症主要是IL-1,TNF-α,IL-18等介质因子所致[1]。上述多数参与分子受 NF-κB 调节[2],TBI后介质因子过度激活,进一步加重血脑屏障损害,表现为进行性脑水肿,颅压增高和继发性脑灌注不足等[3]。TBI常引起肠功能障碍,Bansal等[4]研究表明,TBI发生后肠道表面紧密连接蛋白表达明显降低。有研究表明,TBI后肠屏障破坏可使其内致病菌易异位进入血液循环,引发炎症,进一步破坏血脑屏障,加重脑损伤[5]。另一篇研究显示TBI 3小时乳果糖与甘露醇之比可明显增加,与镜下肠粘膜破坏改变相符[6]

二、益生菌对TBI影响

益生菌发挥有益功能,通过分泌多胺类物质促进黏膜细胞受体的磷酸化及鸟氨酸脱羧酶表达来修复肠粘膜细胞[7-8],益生菌还可产生丁酸、丙酮酸等氧化系统清除剂,抑制体内NF-κB的活性,抑制一氧化氮和炎症物质释放,加速基因转录,从而可促进粘膜再生[9]。有文献报道,酸性杆菌能够缓解感染所致的肠上皮细胞受损并降低肠道屏障的通透性[10]。有研究表明益生菌能够通过降低粘膜NF-kβ的活性以及其影响的炎症介质来减轻肠道症状[11]。有研究发现乳杆菌通过肠道依赖钙流动的钾通道影响前角运动神经兴奋性来调节肠道自律性和痛觉灵敏性[12],说明益生菌可能通过反射弧调节胃肠道功能。有研究表明应用3天益生菌后可改善TBI后的肠动力紊乱[13]。研究表明益生菌可改善颅脑损伤后神经细胞变性、坏死[14],对多发伤患者应用益生菌后重症监护室天数、呼吸机时间均明显缩短[15]

三、结论

益生菌对TBI后神经功能、肠道功能具有改善作用,但机制尚未完全明确,需进一步研究,益生菌功能广泛,对多种疾病预后有益,考虑在TBI中应用益生菌进行干预可能有效改善疾病预后。

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