Dietary Nutrition and Health Care Analysis of Pregnant Women in Pregnancy

Dietary Nutrition and Health Care Analysis of Pregnant Women in Pregnancy

ZHAO,Qiongsi

North China Medical Experimental Research Center,Tangshan Hebei 063000,China

【Abstract】Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweendietarynutritionandhealthcareof pregnantwomenduringpregnancyandthehealthofmothersandinfants, and tosupplyareferenceforhealthydietandnutritionalhygieneofclinicalpreg- nantwomen. Atotalof 168 pregnantwomenwhovoluntarilyacceptedper- sonalizednutritionaldietguidanceduringpregnancywithinoneyearwere selectedasobservationgroups, and 168 caseswererandomlyselectedfrom pregnantwomenwithinternalfilesinthesameperiodasthecontrolgroup, andtheclinicaldataofpregnantwomeninthetwogroupsweresortedand analyzed. Atotalof 168 pregnantwomenintheobservationgrouphad 3 cases ofgestationalhypertension, 1 caseofCDM, 1 caseofIGM, 5 casesofanemia duringpregnancy, 2 casesofamnioticfluidabnormalities, 0 casesoffetalin- trauterinedevelopmentrestriction,  0  casesofpreterminfants,  3  casesof macroscopy, 21 casesofcaesareansection, 2 casesofpostpartumhemorrhage, whilethecontrolgrouphad 16 cases of PIA, 6 cases of GDM, 8 cases of IGM, 39 casesofanemiaduringpregnancy, 11 casesofamnioticfluidabnormali- ties, and 7 casesofpreterminfantswithlimitedintrauterinedevelopment.In 12 casesofmacrosomia, 53 casesofcaesareansection, and 10 casesofpost- partumhemorrhage, thedifferenceintheincidenceofcomplicationsineach ofthetwogroupswasstatisticallysignificant (P<0.05) , whilethedifference betweenthetwogroupswasnotobviousandstatisticallymeaningless (P>0.05) . Reasonabledietandnutritionhaveimportantpositivesignificance forthehealthcareofpregnantwomenduringpregnancyandcanreducethe incidenceofpregnancycomplicationsandmacrosomia.

【Keywords】Pregnantwomen;Diet;Nutrition; Health care

1.Introduction

Inpregnancy, thenutritionalstatusofinpidualsandtheoccurrence, developmentandprognosisofthedisease hasanimportantrelationship, themotheristhesourceofnutritionforthebaby, thenutritionalstatusofpregnant womenwillnotonlyaffecttheirownbodyfunctions

, butalsohaveanimportantimpactonthedevelopmentand growthofthefetus. Ifpregnantwomenlacknutritionduringpregnancy, thefetusispronetoorganstuntingor evenstunted, andphysiologicalfunctionislow, whichcanleadtomiscarriage, prematurebirth, orstillbirth. Therefore,ahealthy, reasonabledietandhealthcarearethekeyfactorstoensurethehealthygrowthofthenext generation, butinreallife, itisoftenduetoincorrectdietarystructure, resultinginnutritionalimbalanceor overnutrition, affectingthehealthofmothersandbabies, resultinginpoorpregnancyoutcomes. Morepregnant womenhaveinsufficientcaloricenergyintake, 35% ofproteinintake, and 67.5% ofcalciumintake, whichwill affectthedevelopmentofthefetus[1]. Firstofall, istheimpactofheatenergyonthehealthofpregnantwomen, manypregnantwomenwithsufficientcaloricenergyintakewillsignificantlyincreaseinweightinthethirdtri- mester,ifthepregnantwomanhasalowweightgaininthethirdtrimester, thentheintakeofheatenergyshould beincreased, otherwisetheintakeofheatenergyshouldbereduced, avoidingtoomuchandtoolittleheatenergy intaketoincreasetheincidenceofperinatalchildren [2]. Theintakeofproteinalsohasacertainimpactonthe baby'sbirthweight, pregnantwomeneathigh-proteinandlow-fevermealsforalongtime, whichwillreducethe weightofthefetus. Inaddition, theintakeoftraceelementshasthemostsignificantimpactonfetaldevelopment, andthelackof trace elements may be that the intrauterine development of the fetus is relatively slow, reducing the immunefunctionofthehumanbody, andthemostseriouswillcausethefetustoproducecertainmalformations [3]. Manypregnantwomenhaveseriousproblemswithdietarynutrition, andinsufficientnutritionalintakemainly occursinthemiddleandlatestages. Therefore, thispaperstudiestherelationshipbetweendietarynutritionand healthcareofpregnantwomenduringpregnancyandthehealthofmothersandinfants[4].

2.Information and Methods 2.1GeneralInformation

FromJanuary2010 toJanuary 2011, therewere 336 casesofpregnantwomen, withanaverageageof 25.32 ± 3.45 yearsold, 1.54 ±0.34 pregnancies, 0

to 2 births, andanaverageof 1.01+0.57 births, including 211 casesof 125 first-bornwomen. Allpatientsexcludedseriousdiseasessuchasliver, lung, heart, kidney, blood, etc., there werenocomplicationsbeforepregnancy, 168 pregnantwomenwhovolunteeredtoparticipateinthenutritional dietguidanceduringpregnancywereobservationgroups, andtheother 168 pregnantwomenwerecontrolgroups, andthebasicclinicaldataofthetwogroupsofpregnantwomen (suchasage, pregnancy, birth, weight, height, bloodpressure, bloodsugar, familyhistory, educationlevel, eatinghabits, etc.) werenotsignificantlydifferent, statisticallymeaningless (P>0.05), whichwascomparable.

2.2ResearchMethods

Dietaryinterventionmethods: Bothgroupsofpregnantwomenaregivenformaltraining, andeachpregnant womanisgivenamapof "TopTenHealthFoods", "TopTenHealthKillers", "TopTenJunkFoods", "FoodCom- patibility", and 1 PyramidDietGuideforPregnantWomenNutritionExperts. Observationgroupdietintervention: Observationgrouppregnantwomenneedtorecordtheir 1-weekdietandworkexerciseindetail, andthedoctor willconductresearchandanalysisaccordingtothepregnantwoman'srecordtableandweightchanges, workload andexerciseamount, calculatethepatient'sdailyprotein, calories, mineralsandotherintake, andgivepregnant womencorrespondingguidanceaccordingtotherecommendednutritionalintakestandardsoftheNationalNutri- tionSociety, correcttheirbadeatinghabits, andhelppregnantwomendevelophealthyandnutritiousdietrecipes. Nutritionaltherapy (MNT) regimensareofferedtopregnantwomenwithhigh-risktendencies.

Analyticalmethods: Startingfrom 12 weeksofadultery, eachpregnantwomanshouldbefollowedupwiththe weight,height, bloodpressure, bloodglucose, uterinehigh, abdominalcircumference, fetalhemoglobin, blood calcium, bloodzinc, fetaldoubletopdiameter, amnioticfluidindex, femorallength, etc., andthepregnancyout- comeshouldbefollowedup, andtherecorddatashouldincludepregnancyhypertension, gestationaldiabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancywithanemia, abnormalglucosetolerance (IGT) duringpregnancy

, caesareansection, fetalgrowthrestriction, etc. Thedataof 336 pregnantwomenwerereviewed, andthepatientinformationwascol- lectedfromtheirage, pregnancy, delivery, weight, height, bloodpressure, bloodsugar, familyhistory,pregnancy complications,neonatalcomplications, neonatalweight, neonatalcomplications, etc., andsortedout, synthesized, andcomparedandanalyzedbystatisticalmethods.

2.3Statisticalmethods

ThestatisticalsoftwareSPSS12.0 isappliedfordataprocessing. TheXtestusingthecountingdatashowedthat P<0.05 weresignificantlydifferent, andP<0.01 wereincrediblysignificant, allofwhichwerestatisticallysignifi- cant.

3.Results

Comparisonofmaternalcomplications: Clinicaldataof 336 casesofpregnantwomenwereretrospectivelyan- alyzed,andatotalof 112 casesofmaternalcomplicationsoccurredthroughoutpregnancy, including 7 casesof gestationaldiabetesmellitusin 19 casesofpregnancyhypertension, 9 casesofabnormalglucosetoleranceduring pregnancy, 44 casesofpregnancywithanemia, 13 casesofpreterminfants, 7 casesoffetalintrauterinedevelop- mentrestriction, 13 casesofamnioticfluidabnormalities, andtwogroupsofmaternalcomplications, see Table 1.

Table1.Observationgroupcomparedwiththecontrolgroupofpregnantwomeninthepregnancycomplications

Comparisonofpregnancyoutcomesandneonatalconditions: Pregnancyoutcomesof 336 pregnantwomen werefollowed-up, pregnancyoutcomesbetweenthetwogroups, neonatalcomplications, andweight, seeTable 2.

Table 2. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes and neonates between pregnant women in the observation group and controlgroup

4.Discussions

Pregnantwomeninpregnancywiththecontinuationofpregnancywillundergoaseriesofphysicalchanges, the nutrientsneededduringpregnancyaresignificantlyimproved, ifthenutritionofpregnantwomenatthisstage cannotmeetthephysiologicalneeds, itwillcauseaseriesofcomplicationsofpregnantwomenandnewborns [5-6]. Pregnantwomen'sdailycaloricenergy, nutrientintakeshouldbeinagoodrange, suchastheaveragedaily intakeofheatenergyperpersonshouldbesupportedat 1854 ~ 2470kcal, theincreasinggestationalmonths, the lackofheatintakeofpregnantwomenalsodecreased. Theproteinintakeofpregnantwomenduringpregnancyis alsoextremelyimportant, percapitadailyshouldbesufficient 78 ~ 107g [7], butafterinvestigation, theprotein intakeofpregnantwomeninChinaisstill 35% ofpeopleinsufficient, andtheproteinintakehasnothingtodo withpregnancy, andthereisnoobviousdifferenceinproteinintakeamongpregnantwomenduringpregnancy. In addition, 67.5% ofpregnantwomenhaveinsufficientcalciumintake, vitaminCisalso 19% ofpregnantwomen areinsufficient, anditisworthnotingthat 65% ofpregnantwomenhaveexcessivevitaminCintake, whichalso playsacertainsideeffectonthehealthofpregnantwomen [8]. Pregnantwomenhavedifferentnutritionalintakes inthefirsttrimester, secondtrimester,andthirdtrimester, exceptforcalciumandvitaminB2. Calciumintakewill graduallylackwiththemonthofpregnancy, asthepregnancytimeprolongs, pregnantwomenshouldincrease calciumintake,otherwisetherewillbeaseriouscalciumdeficiency [9]. Riboflavinisslightlydeficientinthefirst stagesofpregnancyandgraduallyalleviateswiththedecreaseindemandinthelaterstages. Duringthepregnant woman'sdietshouldbebasedoncereals, about 22% to 26%, followedbyvegetables, about 20% to 23%, eggs shouldbecontrolledat 12% to 17%, fruitsshouldaccountfor 11% to 14%, therelativedemandformeatisless, only 7% to 10%, theproportionofoilandfatisverysmall, pregnantwomenshouldreducetheconsumptionofoil duringpregnancy. Amongthem, cerealscanprovidepregnantwomenwithalotofthermalenergy, andabout 55.6% oftheheatenergycomesfromit. Vegetables and eggs can provide pregnant women with a lot of protein, of whichabout

27.8% oftheproteincomesfromvegetables, andtheproportionofproteinineggsis 2/3. Othermin- erals,suchascalcium, iron, andzinc, arebasicallyderivedfromplantsandmeat, andalsoneedtobeeatenrea- sonably[10].

FromTable 1, itcanbeseenthat 168 pregnantwomenintheobservationgroupwhooperatedthedietinterven- tionhadatotalof 13 casesofcomplications, including 3 casesofPIH, 1 caseofGDM 1 caseofIGM, 5 casesof anemiaduringpregnancy, 2 casesofamnioticfluidabnormalities, while 168 casesofpregnantwomeninthecon- trolgrouphadatotalof 99 casesofcomplications, including 16 casesofPIHand 6 casesofIGM, 39 casesof anemiaduringpregnancy, 11 casesofamnioticfluidabnormalities, 7 casesoffetalintrauterinedevelopmentre- striction,and 13 casesofpreterminfants, andthedifferenceintheincidenceofeachcomplicationinthetwo groupswasmoreobvious, P <005, statisticallysignificanttoshowthatareasonableandnutritiousdietcan reduce theincidenceofpregnancyhypertension, GDM, IGM, anemiainpregnantwomen, reducethepossibilityofamni- oticfluidabnormalities, makethefetusdevelopwellinutero, andreducetheoccurrenceofpretermbirth; Atthe sametime,fromTable 2, itcanbeseenthatthenumberofcasesofmacropodia, caesareansectionandpostpartum hemorrhageintheobservationgrouparesignificantlylowerthanthoseinthecontrolgroup, whichisstatistically significant (P<0.05), whilethenumberoflowbirthweightinfantsbetweenthetwogroupsisnotsignificantlydif- ferent (P>0.05), indicatingthatreasonabledietandnutritioncanreducetheincidenceofclinicalcaesareansection andpostpartumhemorrhage, whichhasagoodpositiveeffectongoodpregnancyoutcomes. Pregnantwomenin about6 weeksofpregnancywhentheearlypregnancyreaction, soshouldeatmoredigestiblefoods, suchasegg soup, broth, eatmorefreshvegetablesandfruitsandotherfoodscontainingmorefiber, diettolight, asmallnum- berofmeals, shouldnoteatmorefried, greasy, spicy, andotherirritatingfoods. Calorieintaketoavoidproducing macrosisandcausingdystocia [11].

Forthedietarynutritionalintakeduringpregnancy, somestudieshavefoundthattheeconomiclevelisanim

- portantfactoraffectingthenutritionalintakeofpregnantwomen, therearegreatdifferencesinthedietarycompo- sitionofpregnantwomenatdifferenteconomiclevels, andmanyfamilieswithloweconomiclevels, thedietary compositionofpregnantwomenisrelativelysingle, resultingininsufficientcomprehensiveintakeofnutrition. In thenutrientintake, wefoundthatcalciumintakeismostsignificantlyaffectedbytheeconomy, andthelowerthe income, thelowerthecalciumintake, andwiththeincreaseofeconomicincome, thecalciumintakealsoincreases. Forexample, theproportionoffruitandmilkeggsisproportionaltoeconomicincome, whichindirectlyshows thatvitamins,calcium, iron, andothernutrientsareaffectedbyincomelevels [12]. However, ifthedietisreason- able,low-incomepeoplecanalsoconsumereasonablenutritionbecausethecompositionofthedietcerealsisthe mostimportant, andthenvegetablesandfruits, therefore, economicfactorsarelimitedtonutritionalintake. Itis worthnotingthatcerealintakeisinverselyproportionaltoeconomicincome, asthedietarycompositionoflow- er-incomehouseholdsismostlydominated by staple foods. The degree and scope of the influence of the economic levelonthedietofpregnantwomenarecertain. Anotherfactoraffectingthedietarynutritionofpregnantwomen isthelevelofeducation, throughtheinvestigation, calcium, ironzincseleniumandothermineralelements, vita- mins,riboflavin, ascorbicacidandothernutrients, itsintakewillincreasewiththeimprovementofculturallevel. Wefoundthatthelevelofeducationcanplayacertainroleinregulatingtheintakeofnutrition, andtherationality ofdietisalsorelatedtothelevelofeducation. Mostnutritionchangeswiththechangeofeducationlevel. Inthe survey, milkeggfoodsandrhizomefoodsrarelyappearedinhouseholdswithlowlevelsofeducation, which also showedthattherichtraceelementssuchascalciumandzincprovidedbymilkeggsandrhizomesfoodscouldnot beingestedbypregnantwomeninthesefamilies [13]. Therefore, ifyouwantpregnantwomentohaveamore reasonablediet, pregnantwomenandtheirfamilieshavereceivedagoodeducation, andhavebeenexposedtoa lotofscientificknowledgeisextremelyimportant

, thehigherthelevelofeducation, thegreatertheamountof knowledge,pregnantwomenwillknowmoreaboutreasonabledietmatching, andpregnantwomenwillbetter understandthehealthcareduringpregnancy, andtheimportanceofnutrition, andtheintakeofnutrientswillalso increase[5].

5.Summary

Avoidtheoccurrenceofoversatiety, overhunger, andpayattentiontotheadditionofappropriateamountsof pregnantwomenduringpregnancynutritionaldietinterventionneedspregnantwomenthisfolicacid, earlypreg- nancyreactionmildcaneatmorerichinnutritionofpeople'sfamilies, medicalstaffandothermulti-levelcom- monginsengoffishandanimalliver, etc.: inthesecondtrimesterofpregnancypregnantwomeneveryday, shouldstrengthenpregnantwomenandtheirfamiliesofthenutritionaldietshouldpayattentiontosupplementing protein(15g) andcalciumhealtheducation, topromotetheformationoftheirhealthydietconcepttoreduce (1000mg) iron (25mg) zinc (20mg) andothertraceamountsofpregnancycomplications, preventsmacrospores fromoccurring, improvespregnancyoutcomes, andthusimproves maternal families.

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