浅谈水电站电气一次设计

浅谈水电站电气一次设计

张玉

身份证 321181198711111846

摘要

水电站电气一次设计是水电站设计的核心内容，对于水电站建设也有重要的影响。本文就针对水电站电气一次设计展开研究，主要探讨水电站电气一次设计的主要内容和原则。并且结合设计案例对水电站电气一次设计具体实施要点进行总结，旨在推广应用水电站电气一次设计的新要求。

关键词：水电站；电气系统；一次设计

水电站电气一次设计具体是指水电站建设过程中，对电力生产的一次电力系统进行设计。在一次系统设计的过程中，一定要注重详细分析水电站的各项数据资料，根据水电站电气一次设计标准，进行水电站的电气一次设计，从而保证一次设计达到最佳效果。另外，水电站进行电气一次设计，更应该遵循先进性原则，以现代化先进的电气设备为关键进行水电站电气一次设计。

1.水电站电气一次设计主要内容和原则

1.1水电站电气一次设计主要内容

水电站进行电气一次设计主要是根据水电站的工作特点和工作原理对电气一次系统进行全面设计，确保水电站能够实现电气一次功能。如，通过长期的经验总结可以确定水电站的电气一次设计主要包括一次接入设计、一次用电负荷设计、电气设备选型设计、电气一次保护设计等内容。

①一次接入设计具体是指水电站建设过程中，要求对主线线路的接入方式进行设计，以确保生产的电力能够通过接入线路实现传输。对电气一次系统进行接入设计的过程中，除了接入方式的设计，同时也包括接入参数的设计，综合设计，保证设计符合工作要求。

②水电站电气一次设计包括一次电气系统的用电负荷设计。该设计主要是根据一次电气系统的工作运行原理，按照相应计算方式对水电站的一次设备工作负荷进行设计计算。

③水电站电气一次设计的关键是电气设备选型设计。一次电气设备是完成一次电气功能的关键。电气一次系统是由电气一次设备构成，电气一次设备连接以及各项工作的良好实施，对于水电站工作运行均有重要的影响。

④水电站电气一次设计包括对保护设计。水电站在进行设计的过程中，势必要完成保护设计，才能够保证水电站电气一次设计应用的过程中，实现电气保护。

1.2水电站电气一次设计应遵循的原则

水电站电气一次设计应用的过程中，在明确内容后，更应该遵循整体原则，每项设计都应该遵循基础原则，不偏离基础原则是电气一次设计的关键。通过本文对水电站电气一次设计的全面研究，基本可以总结水电站电气一次设计需要遵循安全性、经济性、先进性以及适配性等原则。

首先，水电站电气一次设计必须要遵循安全性原则。该原则是指水电站电气一次设计时，各项设计均应该基于自身安全性、整体安全性基础上进行设计。保证电气一次系统在使用过程中不出现任何安全问题，就是良好的电气一次设计。

其次，水电站电气一次设计更要求遵循适配性原则。该原则是指电气一次设计应该符合与水电站线形标准相适应的原则。按照水电站相关规范进行设计，并且选择适配性较高的思路，继而保证设计符合应用标准。另外，适配性原则也是指设计成型的一次电气系统应该与水电站工作运行相互适应，继而保证设备运行达到最佳状态。

第三，水电站电气一次设计还应该遵循经济性原则。该原则是以电气一次系统的成本为出发点，提出节约成本的水电站一次设计。当前，电气设备和材料市场中的设备型号、材料种类复杂多样，但是价格却有所区别。而我国电力系统建设是大工程，所以在选择电气一次系统的设备和材料时，一定要考虑到成本因素，按照要求选择性价比最高的一次设备也是设计与选择工程中非常关键的环节。

第四，水电站电气一次设计开展的过程中，更应该遵循先进性原则。我国水电站技术在世界名列前茅，并且在近些年一直都在创新研发技术。因此，在此种情况下，我国更应该将所有先进的技术均应用于水电站电气一次设计当中，继而保证电气一次设计达到理想的效果，更能够利用先进技术提升水电站工作效率。

2.水电站电气一次设计案例中总结设计要点

2.1案例介绍

本文为确保水电站电气一次设计研究具有实践性。针对某水电站电气一次设计进行总结。该水电站位于某水库，水库容量为1. 91 × 108m3，电站装机总数为3台。总装机为4MW。另外，电站运行过程中，平均发电量为1060 ×104 kW · h，年利用小时数为 2650h，保证出力 0. 48MW。

2.2水电站电气一次设计要点

本次水电站电气一次设计过程中，主要是设计内容包括接入电气系统方式设计、电气主接线设计、电气一次负荷设计、电气一次设备选型设计以及过电压保护及接电设计，以下是本次水电站电气一次设计的重点内容。

（1）接入电力系统方式设计

在对接入电力系统方式进行设计之前，设计专家主要对水电站工程进行调查。调查发现，该水电站的电力覆盖面积为6个镇2个乡、其中建设2座220kV变电站、8座66kV变电站、13条66kV输电线路。

在了解到相关情况后，按照设计规范，对水电站的接入电力系统方式进行设计。该水电站的220kV电站采用双母线接线方式，出线设计为4回。而66kV也设计侧面双母线接线方式，出线为2回。另外，水电站进行设计的过程中，采用66kV输电线路将220kV和66kV的变电站母线相互连接，设计输电距离为15km、输电容量达到4MW。

（2）电气主接线设计

本次水电站电气一次设计也针对电气主接线进行设计，确保设计达到最佳效果。通过研究发现，水电站采用SF1700 － 14 /2150发电机、单机容量为1.7MW。另外，同时也配备一台SFW600 － 10 /1180 型发电机，单机容量0.6MW。设计主接线时按照装机的总体情况，对主接线方案进行设计。其中将小发电机接入10.5kV母线、将连接的变压器升压到66kV、高压侧为变压器 － 线路组接

线，66kV 出线一回，接至 220kV 穆棱变电所 66 kV母线。

（3）用电负荷计算设计

本次水电站电气一次设计也包括对系统进行用电负荷的一次设计，保证设计达到最佳效果。实际上，水电站电气一次设计开展的过程中，用电负荷设计是保证电力系统良好运行的关键。本次设计综合考虑到380V用电电压。并对厂房内的消防泵、充电装置、起重机、照明负荷进行全面分析。最终按照综合计算方法，将综合取值系数设计为0.79、最后设计用电最大负荷为227kVA。

（4）电气一次设备选型设计

本次水电站电气一次设计过程中，也包括对电气进行一次设备设计，保证设计达到最佳效果。在对设备进行选型设计的工程中，除了按照上述原则，更应该根据接线设计、用电负荷设计完成各项设计工作，以下是对该水电站一次电气设备选型设计研究[1]。

①发电机设备主要为： SF1700 －14 /2150、SFW600 － 10 /1180两种型号，工作状态良好，工作效率较高。

②变压器装置的选型也非常关键。在进行变压器选择的过程中，综合分析各项参数后，确认变压器装置为S11 － 5000 /66 型三相油浸式自冷双绕组无励磁调 压电力变压器。

③为了实现电气设备的有效保护，该系统选择ZW8-12M型户外高压永磁真空断路器（以下简称断路器），是额定电压12kV、50Hz交流三相高压配电网中的控制保护设备。主要用于开断、关合电力线路中的负荷电流、过载电流及短路电流。适用于变电站及工矿企业配电系统中作保护和控制之用[2]。

（5）保护设计

本次水电站电气一次设计过程中，包括对电气一次系统进行保护设计。其中主要包括过电压保护和接地保护两种方式。

①过电压保护主要是在66kV电路设计避雷器装置，安装氧化锌避雷装置，实现设备防护。

②接地保护设计采用镀锌扁钢连接人工接地网，设计接地电阻值为1欧姆。

结束语

本文结合理论和实践对水电站电气一次设计进行分析研究，探讨电气设备一次设计优化对策，希望能够对电气设备一次设计优化有所帮助。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

参考文献

[1]王正隆郭兵. 基于水电站电气一次设计的技术研究[J]. 轻松学电脑, 2021, 000(006):P.1-1.

[2]徐顺利. 浅析中小型水电站运行管理中的问题及对策[J]. 水电水利, 2021, 5(3):90-91.