Thispaperendeavourstoputthediscussiononerrorsanduncertaintiesingeographicalinformationsystems(GISs)inamoresystematicwaybyexaminingthestrengthandweaknessofdiscreteobjectsandcontinuousfields,thetwodistinctschoolsofspatialdatamodelling.Indoingso,itarguesthatneitherdiscreteobjectsnorcontinuousfieldsaloneprovideobjectiveandcompleterepresentationsofhighlycomplexgeographicalphenomena,thoughtherearegoodreasonsforassertingthatcontinuousfieldsarebettersuitedtomodellingspatialdependence,heterogeneityandfuzzinesssignificantingeographicalrealitythandiscreteobjects.Thus,thereseemstobemeritinadoptinganintegratedmodelincorporatinganalyticalcapabilitiesoffieldsandgeneralizationfunctionsofobjects,forwhichextendedTIN(triangulatedirregularnetwork)modelsalongwiththeirduals(Voronoidiagrams)provideapragmaticalsolution.
