英语中引号的使用规则---从一篇文章标题的标点符号说开去

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2023-07-12
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英语中引号的使用规则---从一篇文章标题的标点符号说开去

张晓丽

上海政法学院 201701

摘要本文主要讨论英语中引号的使用规则希望通过该讨论英语中引号的使用规则变得清楚明了学习者使用起来更加有章可循

关键词英语中的引号使用规则

《全新版大学英语综合教程6》第八单元Text A的文章标题是:Excerpt from “The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean” (《节选自“宇宙海洋之滨”》)。备课的时候不禁要问:这里怎么用了引号?英语中书名不是用斜体表示吗?多方查找资料, 发现网络上的信息纷繁芜杂,各种解释,莫衷一是;也发现,学生对引号的使用并不清楚,也不敏感,既没有提出相关问题,又对老师抛出的问题茫然不知如何作答。这一发现促使我对英语中引号的使用规则开始进行一次较为系统的梳理总结,并撰写本文与大家分享。本文主要参考书目是The Wadsworth Handbook (Eighth Edition)(《高级英语写作手册(第八版)》),该书由美国作者Laurie G. Kirszner和Stephen R. Mandell两人合著,是指导英语写作方面的经典之作。本人的贡献主要是在其有关内容基础之上进行的整理、翻译及解释工作。

根据《高级英语写作手册(第八版)》,英语中引号的使用规则主要有以下四类:

引用某人所说或所写的简短的话。例如:

  Gloria Steinem observed, “We are becoming the men we once hoped to marry.”

  Galsworthy writes that Aunt Juley is “prostrated by the blow” .

若引用的是对话,引用的内容要放入引号内。一个新说话人说的话要另起一段。例如:

“Miss Miller!”There was silence. Then he heard someone moving in the room.

   “Sissy Miller speaking” ― her voice at last answered him.

  “Who,” he thundered, “is B.M.?”

  “He was my brother.”

  He was her brother; her brother who had killed himself.

  “Is there,” he heard Sissy Miller asking, “anything that I can explain?”

  “Nothing!” he cried. “Nothing!” (《全新版大学英语综合教程5》 (P257))

若引用对话中一个人讲了好几段话,那么,此人讲话的每段话开头都要用引号,但仅在讲话最后那个段落之后使用引号,表示引用结束。

英语中,用以表明说话人或写作人身份的部分,被称为识别标签(identifying tag)。引号附近标点符号的使用规则与识别标签的出现位置有关,具体为:

(1)识别标签出现在所引用的句子中间时,要使用两个逗号,以示标志。例如:

“In the future,” pop artist Andy Warhol once said, “everyone will be world famous for fifteen minutes.”

如果识别标签出现在一个句子后面,而引用的内容还在继续,识别标签后要用句号。后面继续引用的内容开头用大写字母,放在引号里面。例如:

“Be careful,” Erin warned. “Reptiles can be tricky.”

(2)识别标签出现在引用内容的开头时,识别标签后用一个逗号,引出所要引用的内容。例如:

He said, “No.”

如果识别标签是个完整的句子,则要用冒号,不要用句号。例如:

She gave her final answer: “No.”

(3)识别标签在引用内容最后出现时,引用内容最后一句话使用逗号与识别标签相区隔。例如:

   “Be careful out there,”the sergeant warned.

如果所引内容以问号或感叹号结束,则继续使用这个标点符号。例如:

“Oh, boy!”he cried.

当引用内容较长时使用冒号不使用引号

如果引用的内容较长(超过四句),引用时,引用内容相对左页边缘要缩进一英寸。结束时在一个空格后插入括号,括号内注明引用内容来源信息(parenthetical documentation)。例如:

The following portrait of Aunt Juley illustrates several of the devices Galsworthy uses throughout

The Forsyte Saga, such as a journalistic detachment that is almost cruel in its scrutiny, a subtle sense of the grotesque, and an ironic stance:

          Aunt Juley stayed in her room, prostrated by the blow. Her face, discoloured by tears, was pided into compartments by the little ridges of pouting flesh which had swollen with emotion....At fixed intervals she went to her drawer, and took from beneath the lavender bags a fresh pocket-handkerchief. Her warm heart could not bear the thought that Ann was lying there so cold. (329)

Many similar portraits of characters appear throughout the novel.

若引用的只有一个段落时,该段落第一行不要缩进。若引用两个及以上段落时,每个段落第一行都要缩进额外的四分之一英寸。如果引用内容的第一句在原文中并不是该段落的第一句话,该句话不要缩进,但接下来其他段落的第一句都要缩进。如果所引用内容中有引号,保留引号。

引用诗歌的情况分为以下三种:

当引用的只是一句诗歌时,将该句诗歌放进引号内,与整篇文章融为一体。例如:

One of John Donne’s best-known poems begins with the line, “Go and catch a falling star.”

当引用的是两句或者三句诗歌时,将引用内容放进引号内,诗歌的句与句之间用斜杠分开。例如:

Alexander Pope writes, “True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance, / As those move easiest who have learned to dance.”

如果诗歌超过三句,引用该诗歌时,适用的规则与引用较长内容的规则相同。例如:

Wilfred Owen, a poet who was killed in action in World War I, expresses the horrors of war with vivid imagery:

    Bent double, like old beggars under sacks.

    Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge.

    Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs

    And towards our distant rest began to trudge. (lines1-4 )

引用某些标题时

如果是篇幅较短的文章,或者属于较长作品中的某一章节,引用其标题时使用引号。其他情况下,标题用斜体化来表示(MLA推荐使用下划线的方法代替斜体化来标志这类标题)。

总结一下,标题使用双引号的情况有:

1)报刊、杂志、专业期刊的文章。例如:

“Why Jonny Can’t write”

2)短文、短篇故事、短篇诗歌、歌曲。例如:

“Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offenses” “Flying Home”

“The Road Not Taken”   “The Star-Spangled Banner”

3)书籍、著作的章节、部分。例如:

“Miss Sharp Begins to Make Friends”

4)广播电视节目系列的分集。例如:

“Lucy Goes to the Hospital”

当某些单词或短语的用法特殊或者为一新造词汇时使用引号以标示其特殊性。例如:

It was clear that adults approved of children who were “readers,” but it was not at all clear why this was so. (Annie Dillard)

After the twins were born, the minivan became a “babymobile.”

注意,如果你在一个用法特殊的单词前加了“so-called”(“所谓的”)这样的表达方式,不要再添加引号。

另外,引用结束,引号同其他标点符号连用时,使用规则主要有:

1)当与逗号、句号连用时,引号放在逗号、句号后面。例如:

 Many, like the poet Robert Frost, think about “the road not taken,” but not many have taken “the one less traveled by.”

2)当与分号、冒号连用时,引号放在分号、冒号前面。例如:

Students who do not pass the test receive “certificates of completion”; those who pass are awarded diplomas.

Taxpayers were pleased with the first of the candidate’s promised “sweeping new reforms”: a balanced budget.

3)当与问号、叹号、破折号连用时,若这些标点符号是引用内容的一部分,引号就放在这些标点符号后面;若这些标点符号不属于引用内容的一部分,引号要放在这些标点符号之前。例如:

“Who’s there?” she demanded.

Did you finish reading “The Black Cat”?

如果所引用内容与句子都是问句或者感叹句,引号要放在问号或者感叹号之前。例如:

Who asked, “Is Paris burning”?

小结

根据上文中列出的英语中引号的使用规则,本文开头提到的问题可以得到完美解答:“The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean”不是一本书,而是 Cosmos这本书中的第一章;根据引号使用规则三,这里当然应该使用引号,而不是斜体化。

本文列出的四条规则,看似简单却内涵微妙,教师需要引导学生仔细分辨,熟记于心。希望这些信息能帮到学习者们,以后使用引号时,不再是跟着感觉走,而是真正有章可循,驾轻就熟。