花样海报剧宣传，童心齐力深探索——幼儿园剧场教育活动之剧目宣传的实践研究

花样海报剧宣传，童心齐力深探索——幼儿园剧场教育活动之剧目宣传的实践研究

陆佳

常州市新北区薛家镇中心幼儿园

一、项目背景

【项目来源】

幼儿在之前的戏剧海报项目中，已尝试制作过平面、立体等多种形式的海报；从戏剧准备周开始，教师通过晨间谈话、调查表等方式丰富幼儿海报的经验，同时在教室提供了各种支架供幼儿参考。过程中，幼儿对插卡式海报表现出明显的兴趣，于是教师抓住兴趣点，开展了一场关于插卡式海报的探索之旅。

【项目准备】

经验准备：1.有雪花片插塑玩具经验，知道插塑方法。

2.制作过不同戏剧主题、不同形式的宣传海报。

材料准备：丰富材料库

环境创设：项目空间规划、插塑作品、前期经验调查等

【项目价值分析】

1.能发现板与板之间的卡槽及其对应关系。

2.能合理使用不同的工具，进行插卡式海报的设计和制作。

3.能发挥想象，大胆设计海报元素、风格。

4.在制作插卡式海报的过程中能与同伴交流合作解决问题。

二、探索过程

第一阶段：插卡式海报怎么插？

海报组决定制作插卡式海报后，打算先从雪花片入手，他们找到雪花片先观察起来。小梅说：“雪花片周围有很多插孔，插孔之间需要紧紧的卡住。”小高说：“雪花片厚度也不一样，有的薄有的厚，薄了插进去很松，容易掉。”随后他们参考图片支架，用雪花片搭建出自己想要制作的插卡式海报模型。

【观察片段】

在制作过程中他们先裁出几块大小相同的方形，接着用电熔笔扣出卡槽。当他们信心满满的进行插塑时，问题出现了：用电熔笔抠出来的卡槽是歪的，KT板插不进去。于是他们决定换工具，用刀来操作，发现卡槽不歪了但是KT板还是插不进去。仔细一看发现，原来是用刀抠的缝太细，卡槽太窄。小高说：“那就把卡槽弄宽一点呗。”那卡槽到底要弄多宽呢？小梅提出了想法：“我们再拿一块板照着扣，就能知道卡槽宽度了。”可是KT板太大，扣起来经常会把板弄坏，并且无法准确量出板的厚度，怎么办呢？

在区域分享交流时，小梅提出了自己的问题，其他的小朋友提出建议：你们换个小一点的板，又方便又好插。悦悦还补充道：“可以用尺量一下板的厚度，卡槽要一样长一样宽。”小梅听了，及时将这些要点都记录下来。

【我们的思考】

1、幼儿的发展：

幼儿对于插卡式海报具有强烈的探究欲，他们具备发现与解决问题的能力，对于卡槽、槽缝等问题能积极应对。在制作的过程中，幼儿不仅发现了关于卡槽对应的秘密，还学习了新技能(如扣板、连接等)。幼儿在集体分享交流时，能用准确、有效的语言讲述自己在项目活动中的做法与发现，并能及时用表征的方式进行记录。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2、

策略的支持：

项目推进过程中，教师给予幼儿充分的空间和时间去思考问题，通过提供集体交流的方法让幼儿解决问题。为了帮助幼儿进一步梳理和拓展关于插卡式海报制作的经验，引导幼了解插卡式海报的结构、不同造型，我们生成了班本化插塑相关课程。

第二阶段：插卡式海报怎样才能更稳固？

通过前期的探索，幼儿有一定的制作经验，开始进行组合拼接。

【故事一：插口位置在哪是最稳固】

    幼儿在用KT板拼接时发现，虽然每块KT板的卡槽长度、宽度是一样的，但到第三块板就卡不进去。观察后发现：一块板卡槽之间距离长，另一块板卡槽之间距离短。小徐说：“我们量量卡槽的位置，再重新扣两块新的板。”于是拿起板就打算重新扣卡槽，这时小梅有不同的意见，他认为：只要板与板之间卡槽的距离一样，卡槽对应好，是一样能立住的。他们争执不下的时候，我提出：不如你们各自进行尝试，我们进行一个对比实验来验证！大家都赞同便开始制作起来。在制作过程中他们发现了一个小细节：如果按照这个距离往下扣的话，已经扣好的卡槽会被扣断，往旁边去的话又出现了卡槽对不上的问题。这时候他们停手，讨论后决定先进行对比实验，各自用直尺测量出距离，决定卡槽位置并做好标记，再进行后续实验。

【故事二：距离尝试】

那么卡槽距离多少为好呢？小徐组决定从距离边缘6厘米的位置逐渐往里尝试，小梅组直接决定在10厘米这个位置进行尝试。在他们抠出卡槽的过程中，小徐问小梅：“我们割多深呢？”小梅也不确定答案，于是他们来向我提问。我说：“我也不知道多深合适，不过建议你们还是选择两个不同的深度，进行对比。”他们俩听后，回到项目组和组员一起商量，小徐组决定深度为4厘米，小梅组深度为8厘米。经过两天的扣板、组合，幼儿发现不同深度、不同长度的卡槽位置效果相差不大，只要距离适中即可，关键还是要保证卡槽本身宽度。

【我们的思考】

1、幼儿的发展：

此阶段幼儿能自由结伴、主动思考，与同伴合作制作插卡式海报。活动中幼儿表现良好的学习品质，他们互相协作、专注认真、坚持不懈，在不断探索中，发现插卡式海报造型稳定度的问题，并积极进行对比来验证自己的猜想。

2、策略的支持：

在制作过程中，教师借助问题启发幼儿思考，鼓励幼儿自主寻找答案，同时给予幼儿材料上的支持，如投放各种KT板、直尺、刀、胶枪等。在后续分享交流过程中，渗透关于测量的知识点，帮助幼儿进行更准确的测量。

第三阶段：怎么设计

在制定游戏计划之前，海报组幼儿针对“想做一个什么样的大型插卡式海报”表达了自己的想法。小高说：“我要做一个台阶长方形插卡式海报，非常特别。”小徐说：“我想做一个金字塔样的插卡式海报，因为三角形很稳固，最高处还可以写上我们制作者的名字。”教师引导幼儿分组画出设计图。

【故事一：对比小实验】

两组幼儿在解决完卡缝位置的问题后，插卡式海报的造型已经初现雏形，由于两组幼儿都认为自己的模型最稳固，于是决定立即投入到对比实验活动中去。我问：“你们打算从哪些方面来进行对比实验呢？又可以通过什么工具来验证？”幼儿进行了激烈的讨论，最终他们决定从风力、撞击力等方面对两组造型不同的模型进行测试。第二天，他们将模型搬运到操场，准备了风扇、木棒、计时器等工具，并邀请我作为裁判见证他们的实验结果。实验结果如下：

实验后幼儿回到教室进行分享交流，发现两组造型在抗压方面表现相差不大，三角形造型在面对撞击力时倒了一次，这时小梅指出核心问题：“我们还要在上面画出我们的戏剧内容呀，三角形的模型不仅要花费很多时间，而且不能把每个面的海报内容呈现出来。”最终他们觉得用最基础的长方形造型。

【故事二：设计部的故事】

这一天，小梅在和组员一起制定游戏计划时提出：海报需要哪些元素，我们的海报怎样才能更好看？大家七嘴八舌的讨论起来。小悦说：“海报中需要有我们的戏剧内容，还有班级和表演时间。”小徐说：“不仅要有戏剧内容，主角也要很突出，画的很好看，让人一下就看见我们的海报，就想来我们班看表演！”小高：“我觉得我们班的海报要有点自己的特色，可以加上我们排练的剧照，或者是我们的名字。”

【我们的思考】

通过对比实验，幼儿对自己和同伴的插卡式海报进行了对比与分析，他们的关注点从实验本身延伸到如何使海报达到实际宣传目的，由此产生了进一步优化海报的愿望。教师引导幼儿自主创设比赛环境，选择材料，充分体现了幼儿的主体性，令幼儿更积极地投入到活动中。在实验后，教师组织幼儿讨论插卡式海报造型的维度对比，鼓励幼儿自我发现、自我反思，让幼儿在反思中不断获取新经验。

在设计过程中，幼儿积极、自主的表达自己的想法，并且合作设计、合理规划海报内容，在一步步的探索中设计出属于我们班独有的海报。

三、反思与收获

     幼儿在项目推进的过程中不断去思考解决问题。在事后回顾推进过程时，我们发现幼各方面的能力都得到了发展。

第一，幼儿具有主动性和有意性。当项目开展时，他们决定先从雪花片中寻找灵感；当他们投入项目时，先制定了项目计划，设定了目标制作插卡式海报，并随着时间的推移和各种实验的开展，他们不断地优化海报。

第二，活动中有解决问题和批判性思考。幼儿在制作插卡式海报时，为了海报更稳固，不断寻找办法，与同伴互相学习。在解决问题的过程中，幼儿与同伴间进行了批判性的讨论与思考，获得了成功的体验。

第三，在运用已有经验时加深了对数学、科学概念。幼儿在自由探索、对比实验中不断运用已有的数学和科学经验，幼儿对于插卡式海报的理解不只是停留在外形等表面，而是表现在真实问题的解决中。

第四，幼儿有创造和表达的空间。在制作插卡式海报时能大胆加入各种元素，表现每个人的兴趣点、审美经验等。我们看到的这个活动不是辛苦的“制作”，而是一种好玩的游戏。

第五，促进幼儿社会性发展。活动中幼儿能借鉴他人的想法，互教互助，并且能较好地进行团队协作。幼儿在与同伴分享交流经验的过程中，既相互了解了彼此的经验，又收获了自豪感和获得感。