简介：Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases（GHGs）（particularlyCO2）hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics（includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense）hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis（basedontheSTIRPATmodel）andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis（basedongraysystemtheory）ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables（i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize）variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.

简介：HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.

简介：AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.

简介：EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth

简介：Inthispaper,weconstructamodelinwhichtheimpactofpollutiononhealthisexertedthroughbothdirectandindirectchannels.Theindirectchanneliscapturedbyaproductionfunc-tioninwhichtheprincipalhealth-improvingfactor,incomegrowth,canberealizedonlyinthecostofpollutionincrease.Thismodelisthentestedbytheaggregatedchroniclediseasedatainover78Chinesecounties.Ourresultsshow,afterattainingthethresholdof8μg/m2,continuousincreaseinindustrialSO2emissiondensitywillleadtheratioofpopulationsufferingchroniclediseases,amongwhichrespiratorydiseasesoccupyasignificantproportion,torise.However,owingtotechnologicalprogressinpollutioncontrolactivities,theneededSO2emissiontoproduceoneunitofGDPdiminisheswithtime.Therefore,thenegativeeffectfrompollutionaugmentationonpublichealthseemstoberecompensedmoreandmorebythepositiveeffectofeconomicgrowth.

简介：ThispaperproposestouseDEAmodelswithundesirableoutputstoconstructtheMalmquistindexthatcanbeusetoinvestigatethedynamicchangesofCO2emissionperformance.Withtheindex,theauthorshavemeasuredtheCO2emissionperformanceof28provincesandautonomousregionsinChinafrom1996to2007;withtheconvergencetheoryandpaneldataregressionmodel,theauthorsanalyzetheregionaldifferencesandtheinfluencingfactors.ItisfoundthattheperformanceofCO2emissionsinChinahasbeencontinuouslyimprovedmainlyduetothetechnologicalprogress,andtheaverageimprovementrateis3.25%,withacumulativeimprovementrateof40.86%.Inaddition,theCO2emissionperformancevariesacrossfourregions.Asawhole,theperformancescoreofeasternChinaisthehighest.ThenortheasternandcentralChinahasrelativelylowerperformancescores,andthewesternChinaisrelativelybackward.Theregionaldifferencesaredecreasing,andtheperformanceofCO2emissionsisconvergent.TheinfluenceofsomefactorsontheperformanceofCO2emissionsissignificant,suchasthelevelofeconomicdevelopment,thelevelofindustrialstructure,energyintensity,andownershipstructure.Theinfluenceofsomefactors,suchasopening-uptotheoutsideworld,ontheperformanceofCO2emissionsisnotsignificant..

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：ThroughtheanalysisonChina'seconomicdevelopment,utilizationofresourceenvironmentandsoftpower,abasicjudgmentwasmadeoftheinfluenceof'Chinadevelopment'.TheoverallinfluentialpowerofChinadevelopmentoninternationalcommunitywasmisunderstood.Whatweseeistheroleof'ChinaFactor'indifferentfields.Intheprocessofeconomicglobalization,whateconomicsystemofcapitalistmarkethasseenis'China'scheaplabor','China'slooseeconomicsystemenvironment','earlierabuseofunlimitedresourceenvironment','China'sbroadconsumptionmarket'and'demographicdividend'.InglobalorAsianfinancialcrisis,whatothercountriesvaluedwasChina's'foreigncurrency'accumulatedovertheyears.Inglobalgovernanceorcrisismanagement,whatinternationalcommunityexpectedwas'China'sobligationsandresponsibilities'withouttherightofspeech,etc..Allthesearethe'passive'rolesproducedby'asinglefactor'indefinitefields.TheactiveandinitiativeroleChinawillplayininternationalcommunitystillneedstimeandthecontinuouseffortsofseveralgenerations.Chinaoncewasabigcountrythathadsignificantinfluentialpowerontheworld,andChina'srenaissanceisanormalprocessofdevelopmentofthings.WhatexcessivetalksaboutitsinfluentialpowerreflectmaybethelackofChina'sinfluence.

简介：ThereportofChineseCommunistParty’s18thNationalCongressclearlystatedthattheconstructionofecologicalcivilizationneedstojoinhandswiththeoveralllayoutoftheconstructionofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,andthegreatestobstacletoachievingecologicalcivilizationistheenergystructureinChina.Currently,thethirdindustrialrevolution—markedbygreentechnologyandcloudcomputingtechnology—ishappening,anditwillhaveahugeimpactonfutureenergydevelopment.Thefundamentalwaytosolvetheproblemofenergyresourceconstraintsisdevelopingtherenewableenergy,andthefundamentalapproachforrenewableenergyisdevelopingdistributedenergyandservices.TheimportantfactorstoachievingChina’senergyproductionandconsumptionrevolutionareacceleratingtheconstructionofdistributedenergysystemandoverallenergystructureadjustmentinChina.

简介：Afterthe1992UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiro,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenwidelyrecognizedallovertheworld.Morethan100countries,includingChina,haveadoptedsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesaccordingwiththeirownsituations.For20years,

简介：Twentyyearsago,theUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentwasheldhereinRiodeJaneiro,whichputforwardtheconceptof'sustainabledevelopment',andblueprintedaworldinsustainabledevelopment.The1992RioConferencewasrecordedasahistoricallandmarkevent.

简介：ThecurrentstatusofecotourisminruralChinawasanalyzedinthispaper.EmpiricalsurveyscoveringthewholecountryindicatethatecotourisminruralChinahasattractedalargenumberoftouristswho,however,didn’tgeneraterevenuesthatcanmatchthenumber.Althoughtheenvironmentalqualityofthoseruralecotourismdestinationsishighwithlittlenegativeimpacts,severalproblemshavealreadyappeared,suggestinganeedtomonitorthoseareas.Thecurrentpracticeofinterpretationinmostruralecotourismdestinationsdidnotprovideenvironmentaleducationopportunitiestothetourists.Andlocalcommunitiesneedmoreeffectivewaystodecideontheprospectsoflocalecotourismdevelopmentbythemselves.Finally,afewrecommendationsforimprovingthesustainabilityofecotourismdestinationswereprovided.

简介：WesternChinahaslaggedalotintermsofindustrialstructureandeconomicdevelopment,comparedwiththenationalaverage.AndChinaannounceditstargetofCO2emissionreduction,i.e.by2020,CO2emissionperGDPwilldropby40-45%comparedwith2005.ThetargetwillbeincorporatedintoChina’slong-termindustrialplanning.Againstthisbackground,thispaperwillmakeacomprehensiveexaminationoftheindustrialdevelopmentofWesternChina,aimingtodiscoveragreenandcompatibleway.First,weanalyzethespatiotemporalevolutionofregionalindustrialstructurefortheperiod2000-2010.Second,wetrytodiscovertheindustrialstructureoptimizationpathforWesternChinabyemployingtheVectorAutoRegressionmodel.Lastly,wetrytoprovidesomeadviceandsuggestionsforfurtherindustrialdevelopmentinWesternChina.OurexaminationshowsthatfurtherindustrialdevelopmentinWesternChinashouldpayfullattentiontoresourceconservationandrecycling,anddeveloponagreenandcompatiblepath.

简介：AccordingtotheUnitedNationspopulationprojections,thepopulationoftheelderlyisexpectedtoroughlytripleinChinafrom2000to2050,particularlywhenthegenerationswhowerebornbetweenthe1950sand1970smovethroughtheagestructure,andalsobecausepeoplearelivinglongerandfertilityrateshavefallen,populationagingisexpectedtoputpressureongovernment'sfiscalbalancethroughhigherold-agesecuritybenefitsandhealth-careexpenditures.Thisworkdrawstogetherthebroadrangeofelementsinvolvedwithinaconsistentframework,basedonacomputabledynamicgeneralequilibriummodelwithanoverlappinggenerationstructure.Furtheranalysisusingmodelsimulationillustratesthatthealternativeschemesforthebenefitrate,retirementageandtechnologicalprogressarelikelytobebeneficial,andthatanobviousslow-downinthegrowthoflivingstandardsislikelytobeavoided.

简介：Theproblemofclimatechangeisaglobalchallenge.Itiscloselyassociatedwithsocialdevelopmentandhumansurvival,andithasasignificantimpacttoallcountriesonenergydevelopment,economiccompetitiveness,technologicalinnovation,andwayoflife.Inrecentyears,withtherapideconomicdevelopmentinChina,thereisarumorthattherapidgrowthofChina'scarbondioxideemissionoffsettheeffortsoftheinternationalcommunityinreducingemissions,andChinashouldbeartheinternationalresponsibilitycorrespondingtoitssignificantroleingreenhousegasemission,whichobviouslyareunfairandnotobjective.Asthispaperreveals,'Chinaenvironmentresponsibility'thatisthesocalled'Chinaenvironmentthreat'ortheories,ChinahasmadeapositivecontributiontoaddressingtheclimatechangeinthepastandChinawillstillbethebackboneontheprotectionofglobalclimateinthefuture.

简介：ThisreportsummarizesthesurveysoncarboninventoriesandinitiativesonsustainablecarboncyclingtakenbyRCEES.Thefirstpartofthisreportdealswiththeconceptofsustainablecarboncycling,thehistoricalevolutionofcarboncyclingprocessesinChina,carbonpoolenhancement,valueaddition,carbonsequestrationandcarbonbalance.Thesecondpartcoversthemodelingofcarbondynamics,emissioninventoriesofvariouscarboncontaininggreenhousegasesandtheirpotentialabatementmeasures.

简介：ThisstudyproposedadecompositionmethodbasedonthenormalizedquadraticshadowunitcostfunctiontoexplorethedeterminantsofthechangeinenergyintensityinChinafrom1985to2010.Thedecompositionanalysisindicatesthat(1)theimprovementintechnicalefficiencydramaticallyreducedtheenergyintensity,whereastechnologicalchangeplayedonlyaminorrole,whichcouldbeattributedtoareboundeffect;(2)theaggregatedallocationeffectwassmallbecausethechangeintheallocativedistortionbetweencapitalandenergysignificantlyenhancedenergyintensitybutwaspartlyoffsetbytheeffectstemmingfromthechangeintheallocativedistortionbetweencapitalandenergy;and(3)thesubstitutionofenergyforlaborincreasedenergyintensity,buttheaggregatedsubstitutioneffectsignificantlyreducedenergyintensitybecausethesubstitutionofcapitalforenergyreducedenergyintensitytoagreatextent.Thesefindingswereobtainedatthenationallevelandvariedatdieregionallevel.

简介：Theconceptofsecurityhasbeenredefinedsincethe1990s.Asoneoftheimportantfactorsthreateninghumansecurity,globalenvironmentalchangehasbecomeanewchallengetothenationalsecurityandsocialdevelopment.Thenationalsecurityproblemscausedbyglobalenvironmentalchange,ononehand,arecloselyrelatedtotheglobalenvironmentalproblems,and,ontheotherhand,aremanifestedintheconflictsofinternationalaffairs.TheglobalenvironmentalchangeseverelychallengesthefuturedevelopmentofChina.WhenitcomestothestudyonhumandimensionsofglobalenvironmentalchangeinChina,muchmoreattentionshouldbepaidtoissuesofimportantenvironmentalchangethatmayhavegreatimpactsonthenationalsecurityofChina,tothescientificassessmentofthevulnerabilitiesofthenaturalandsocialeconomicsystemofChinatotheimpactsofglobalenvironmentalchange,andtotheactiveestablishmentofthenationalriskmanagementsystem,inwhichglobalenvironmentalchangeshouldbeincluded,soastomakecontributiontosustainabledevelopmentandconstructionofharmonioussocietyofChina.

简介：Thereisanincreasingnumberof'massevents'inmainlandChina.MystudyextendsthecurrentstudiestothecontextofChinaandtriestoexaminethepotentialimpactsofclimatechangesonhumanconfliasinChina.Theresultssuggestastronglinkagebetweenthedeviationofmonthlymeantemperaturefromthehistoricalmeanandthenumberofmasseventsinaprovince.Ifthecurrenttrendofwarmingpersists,inthenext6-8decades,thenumberofmasseventsinChinawillincreasebyover8.8%.

简介：ReviewingtheexistingenvironmentalpoliciesinWesternChina,wefindthat:intimesequence,thecharacteristicsofChina’swesternenvironmentalpoliciesshiftfrom"developmentdrivegovernance"tothefullimplementationofenvironmentalprotectionandconstruction;andinspatialsequence,theecological,social,andeconomicdevelopmentofWesternChinareachtocoordinationthroughthenaturereservesetting,ecologicalmigrants,fiscaltransferpaymentanddifferentiatedecologicalenvironmentalpolicies.Duetotheimplementationofthepoliciesandprojects,environmentaldegradationtrendsinthewesternecologicalenvironmentwerealleviatedsignificantly,thelivingconditionsoffarmersandherdsmenwereimproved,andmanysuccessfulexperienceswereexplored.However,futureecologicalenvironmentalconstructioninWesternChinarequiresfurtherimprovementinintegratedplanning,eco-compensationmechanism,andpolicyassessment.Thispaperconcludeswithspecificrecommendationssuchasdrawingupecologicalenvironmentconstructionplanning,strengtheningenvironmentallawenforcementandincentivemechanisms,improvingpolicyassessmentandscientificsupport,enhancingenvironmentalprotectioncapacity,improvingeco-compensationmechanism,andrefiningtheenvironmentalpoliciesforkeyareas.