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简介：AbstractMaternal urogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity. The respiratory HPV prevalence is not known in remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants, who are at high risk of respiratory infection and where the population prevalence of urogenital HPV in women is high. These data are necessary to inform HPV vaccination regimens. A retrospective analysis using PCR specific for HPV was performed on 64 stored nasopharyngeal swabs from remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants < 6 months of age, with and without hospitalised pneumonia. HPV DNA was not detected in any specimen. Despite the negative result, we cannot exclude a role for HPV in respiratory infections affecting infants in this population; however, our data do not support HPV as an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginal children.

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简介：AbstractImportance:Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare, potentially fatal disease. There is currently a lack of detailed clinical information available regarding this disease.Objective:This retrospective study investigated the clinical manifestations, treatment, and long-term prognosis of congenital TB.Methods:Patients were treated in Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University (Beijing, China) between 2009 and 2018. Their demographic data, maternal and family histories, symptoms and signs, treatment information, and follow-up data were retrospectively collected using the hospital’s electronic information system.Results:Ten infants with congenital TB were enrolled. The mean gestational age was 36.6 ± 2.2 weeks and mean birth weight was 2517 ± 487 g. All 10 patients exhibited fever, nine patients (90%) had anemia, and six patients (60%) had extrauterine growth retardation. On chest computed tomography scans, all 10 patients presented multiple pulmonary nodules and four patients (40%) had mediastinal adenopathy. Nine out of ten (90%) completed the T-spot test, and eight of them (8/9, 89%) were positive. Anti-TB treatment was initiated upon diagnostic confirmation. All patients (100%) received combined treatment with isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Eight of 10 patients (80%) received combined treatment with INH, RIF, and pyrazinamide. The survival rate was 100%. One patient was lost to follow-up and four patients are currently continuing treatment. Three of nine patients (33%) achieved normal developmental milestones at 6 months of age.Interpretation:Early diagnosis based on maternal history, typical imaging results, and timely treatment can improve outcomes in infants with congenital TB.

简介：AbstractBackground:It is still unclear if and to what extent antenatal or infant or childhood vitamin D supplementation would affect the development of allergy diseases later in life. This study aimed to review the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, infants, or children for the prevention of allergies.Methods:MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (OVID), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to March 1, 2020. We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention. These trials were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration domains and the consensus was reached via discussion with the full study group. We descriptively summarized and quantitatively synthesized original data to evaluate vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention by using Review Manager software for meta-analysis.Results:The search yielded 1251 studies. Seven RCTs were included in this analysis. A meta-analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women or infants may not decrease the risk of developing allergic diseases, such as asthma or wheezing (supplementation for pregnant women, risk ratio [RR]: 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-1.26, P = 0.90, I2 = 47%; supplementation for infants, RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.70-1.43, P = 0.99, I2 = 0%; supplementation for pregnant women and infants, RR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.10-1.25, P= 0.11), eczema (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.80-1.13, P= 0.77, I2= 0%; supplementation for infants, RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.64-1.11, P= 0.19, I2= 42%), allergic rhinitis (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.78-1.11, P = 0.15, I2 = 47%), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.85-1.11, P = 0.59, I2 = 0%), or food allergy.Conclusions:Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnant women or infants does not have an effect on the primary prevention of allergic diseases.Systematic Review Registration:PROSPERO (CRD42020167747)

简介：AbstractBackground:Delivery room resuscitation assists preterm infants, especially extremely preterm infants (EPI) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI), in breathing support, while it potentially exerts a negative impact on the lungs and outcomes of preterm infants. This study aimed to assess delivery room resuscitation and discharge outcomes of EPI and ELBWI in China.Methods:The clinical data of EPI (gestational age [GA] <28 weeks) and ELBWI (birth weight [BW] <1000 g), admitted within 72 h of birth in 33 neonatal intensive care units from five provinces and cities in North China between 2017 and 2018, were analyzed. The primary outcomes were delivery room resuscitation and risk factors for delivery room intubation (DRI). The secondary outcomes were survival rates, incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and risk factors for BPD.Results:A cohort of 952 preterm infants were enrolled. The incidence of DRI, chest compressions, and administration of epinephrine was 55.9% (532/952), 12.5% (119/952), and 7.0% (67/952), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for DRI were GA <28 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 3.147; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.082-4.755), BW <1000 g (OR, 2.240; 95% CI, 1.606-3.125), and antepartum infection (OR, 1.429; 95% CI, 1.044-1.956). The survival rate was 65.9% (627/952) and was dependent on GA. The rate of BPD was 29.3% (181/627). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors for BPD were male (OR, 1.603; 95% CI, 1.061-2.424), DRI (OR, 2.094; 95% CI, 1.328-3.303), respiratory distress syndrome exposed to ≥2 doses of pulmonary surfactants (PS; OR, 2.700; 95% CI, 1.679-4.343), and mechanical ventilation ≥7 days (OR, 4.358; 95% CI, 2.777-6.837). However, a larger BW (OR, 0.998; 95% CI, 0.996-0.999), antenatal steroid (OR, 0.577; 95% CI, 0.379-0.880), and PS use in the delivery room (OR, 0.273; 95% CI, 0.160-0.467) were preventive factors for BPD (all P < 0.05).Conclusion:Improving delivery room resuscitation and management of respiratory complications are imperative during early management of the health of EPI and ELBWI.

简介：摘要目的比较超声造影(CEUS)肝脏影像报告与数据系统(LI-RADS)2017版(v2017)和磁共振成像(MRI) LI-RADS 2018版(v2018)单独以及联合应用对肝细胞癌(HCC)高危患者肝内局灶性病变(FLL)恶性风险的预测价值。方法对2018年1月至2021年10月于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院及瑞金医院无锡分院同时行CEUS和增强MRI检查的212例患者300个FLL的临床和影像学资料进行回顾性分析，入组结节均根据CEUS LI-RADS v2017和CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018分类标准进行分类，对2种影像学LI-RADS分类结果行Cohen′s Kappa检验。以组织病理学诊断或随访结果为金标准，比较2种影像学LI-RADS分类标准单独以及联合应用对FLL的恶性风险预测价值。结果CEUS LI-RADS v2017和MRI LI-RADS v2018两种影像学分类标准间总体一致性中等(Kappa＝0.441)。CEUS LR-5和MRI LR-5单独应用以及联合应用诊断HCC的特异性分别为93.66%、95.07%、88.73%(P>0.05)，阳性预测值分别为93.13%、93.81%、89.81%(P>0.05)。CEUS LR-M和MRI LR-M单独应用以及联合应用诊断非HCC恶性肿瘤的敏感性分别为85.71%、82.86%、100%，联合应用高于MRI LR-M(P＝0.033)，但与CEUS LR-M相当(P＝0.063)。结论CEUS LI-RADS v2017与MRI LI-RADS v2018分类总体一致性中等，CEUS LR-5诊断HCC特异性和阳性预测值与MRI LR-5相似，CEUS LR-M诊断非HCC恶性肿瘤敏感性与MRI LR-M相似，联合应用CEUS和MRI LR-M可提高非HCC恶性肿瘤的诊断敏感性。

简介：摘要目的分析超声造影(CEUS)肝脏影像报告和数据系统(LI-RADS)2017版和增强CT(CECT)/MRI LI-RADS 2018版对长径≤2 cm肝微小病灶分类的一致性及差异性。方法回顾性收集2018年1月至2019年6月在天津市第三中心医院同时接受CEUS和CECT或钆塞酸二钠增强磁共振成像(EOB-MRI)检查且具有肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC)高危风险的145例患者共145个病灶，按照CEUS LI-RADS 2017版和CECT/MRI LI-RADS 2018版分类标准对病灶进行LI-RADS分类。通过Kappa检验评估两种影像学LI-RADS分类的一致性。并对CEUS和CECT/MRI LI-RADS分类不一致的病灶行进一步分析。结果145个病灶长径为(1.65±0.33)cm。CEUS及CECT/MRI分类为LR-3、4、5、M病灶数分别为16、23、90、16个和25、31、87、2个。CEUS分类为LR-5、M共106个(73.1%)，CECT/MRI分类为LR-5、M共89个(61.4%)，差异有统计学意义(P＝0.033)。CEUS及CECT/MRI分类为LR-3、4、5类中HCC的阳性预测值分别为37.5%、52.2%、97.8%和56.0%、64.5%、96.6%。56个病灶CEUS与CECT/MRI LI-RADS分类不一致。CECT/MRI分类LR-3、4类中28个被CEUS上调为LR-4、5类，HCC所占比例为82.1%。CEUS分类LR-3、4类中14个被CECT/MRI分类上调，HCC所占比例为85.7%。结论CECT/MRI及CEUS中LR-5类对HCC均具有较高的阳性预测值，但二者对LI-RADS分类的一致性较差。CEUS分类为LR-5、M病灶数较CECT/MRI显著增多。CECT/MRI分类LR-3、4类中HCC比例高于CEUS。

简介：摘要肝脏影像报告和数据管理系统（LI-RADS）是一个规范肝细胞癌（HCC）诊断的影像评估系统，可通过分类来提示良恶性肿瘤，亦可根据主要征象和辅助征象提示病变的良恶性。LI-RADS类别越高，其对应HCC的概率增加，恶性肿瘤的风险增加。术前通过影像学早期诊断和预测肝脏肿瘤的预后危险因素对提高患者的生存率和改善预后具有重要临床意义。现就LI-RADS类别及其相关影像征象在预测肝脏肿瘤预后的相关研究进展进行综述。

简介：摘要Li-Fraumeni综合征（Li-Fraumeni syndrome，LFS）是一种罕见的家族性常染色体显性遗传肿瘤易感综合征，LFS谱系肿瘤包括骨与软组织肉瘤、中枢神经系统肿瘤、绝经前乳腺癌、白血病、肾上腺皮质肿瘤和肺腺癌。LFS家系基因分析显示，约70%的LFS存在TP53基因胚系突变。本文回顾性分析1例以多原发恶性肿瘤为临床表现的LFS患者的临床病理特点、基因检测及预后情况，以期提高对该疾病的认识。

简介：摘要目的探讨基于钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强MRI的2018版肝脏影像报告和数据系统（LI-RADS v2018）和2017版LI-RADS（LI-RADS v2017）对高危人群肝细胞癌（HCC）诊断效能的差异。方法回顾性收集2016年6月至2019年12月天津市第三中心医院行Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI并于1个月内取得术后或穿刺病理结果的237例HCC高危人群的临床及影像资料，共纳入282枚病灶。由2名放射科医师进行独立盲法阅片，分别根据LI-RADS v2018和v2017将病灶分类，采用Kappa值评价2名医师分类结果的一致性。以病理结果为金标准，分别计算LI-RADS v2018和v2017以LR-5和LR-4+5为标准对HCC的诊断效能，包括灵敏度、特异度、准确度和约登指数，并采用配对样本McNemar检验比较两者差异。结果2名医师对病灶分类的一致性较好，Kappa值在0.536~0.793之间。以LR-5为标准诊断HCC，LI-RADS v2018的约登指数（0.687）高于v2017（0.612），灵敏度［80.6%（166/206）］、准确度［82.6%（233/282）］均高于LI-RADS v2017［70.4%（145/206）、75.9%（214/282）］（χ²=19.048、14.087，P均<0.001），特异度分别为88.2%（67/76）、90.8%（69/76），差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.500，P=0.500）。以LR-4+5为标准诊断HCC，2个版本的诊断效能相同，其灵敏度［91.3%（188/206）］、准确度［87.6%（247/282）］高于、特异度［77.6%（59/76）］低于LI-RADS v2018的LR-5标准，差异均有统计学意义（χ²=20.045，P<0.001；χ²=5.633，P=0.018；χ²=16.056，P<0.001），其约登指数（0.689）亦高于LI-RADS v2018的LR-5标准。结论基于Gd-EOB-DTPA增强图像的LI-RADS v2018诊断HCC较v2017拥有更高的灵敏度和准确度，合理应用可以为临床提供更加客观的诊断依据。